16 Waltz, Man, the State and War, p. 41.
17 Waltz, Man, the State and War, p. 168.
18 Waltz, Man, the State and War, p. 238: emphasis added.
19 Waltz, Theory of International Politics, p. 103.
20 Waltz, Theory of International Politics, p. 117.
21 Waltz, Theory of International Politics, p. 117.
22 Waltz, Theory of International Politics, p. 91.
23 For a discussion of evolutionary theories, analogies and metaphors in realism and idealism,
see Jennifer Sterling-Folker, ‘Evolutionary tendencies in realist and liberal IR theory’, in
William R. Thompson, ed., Evolutionary Interpretations of World Politics(London:
Routledge, 2001) pp. 62–109.
24 Waltz, Theory of International Politics, p. 118.
25 Kenneth N. Waltz, ‘Reflections on Theory of International Politics: a response to my critics,’
in Keohane, ed., Neorealism and its Critics, pp. 323–45: 331.
26 Kenneth N. Waltz, ‘The spread of nuclear weapons: more may be better’, Adelphi Papers,
no. 171 (London: International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1981). Also see Scott D.
Sagan and Kenneth N. Waltz, The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: A Debate Renewed(New
York: WW Norton, 2002).
27 Just as there are other realists who I do not discuss, there are other liberals. Kant, like
Morgenthau and Waltz, is the exemplar of a paradigm.
28 Immanuel Kant, Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch(1795) in Immanuel Kant, Perpetual
Peace and Other Essays, translated by Ted Humphrey (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1983)
pp. 107–43: 111.
29 Kant, Perpetual Peace, p. 116.
30 Kant, Perpetual Peace, p. 120.
31 Kant, Perpetual Peace, p. 125.
32 Kant, Perpetual Peace, p. 125.
33 Feminist and others have long been sceptical of essentialist understanding of ‘human
nature’. Specific international relations scholars who question and interrogate these
assumptions include Hayward R. Alker, Ken Booth, Jennifer Sterling-Folker and J. Ann
Tickner.
34 Paula M. Niedenthal, Jamin B. Halberstadt, and Åse H. Innes-Ker, ‘Emotional response
categorization’, Psychological Review, vol. 106 no. 2 (April 1999), pp. 337–61:338. See
also Daniel L. Schacter, ‘The Seven Sins of memory: insights from psychology and
cognitive neuroscience’, American Psychologist, vol. 54, no. 3 (March 1999), pp. 182–203:
195–96.
35 Joseph LeDoux, ‘Emotion: clues from the brain,’ in John T. Cacioppo et al.,eds,
Foundations in Social Neuroscience(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2002) pp. 389–410: 396.
36 Ken Booth and Nicholas J. Wheeler, The Security Dilemma: Fear Cooperation, and Trust in
World Politics(New York: Palgrave, 2008).
37 Foreign policy is also certainly about managing trade, cultural exchange, and
humanitarian intentions.
38 See Catherine A. Lutz, Unnatural Emotions: Everyday Sentiments on a Micronesian Atoll and
their Challenge to Western Theory(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998).
39 For instance, see Ashley Montague, ed., Learning Non-Aggression: The Experience of
Preliterate Societies(New York: Oxford University Press, 1978).
40 Robert Abelson, ‘Psychological status of the script concept,’ American Psychologist,
vol. 36, no. 7 (1981) pp. 715–29: 715.
41 Yaacov Y.I. Vertzberger, The World in Their Minds: Information Processing, Cognition, and
Perception in Foreign Policy Decision Making,(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1989)
p. 60.
42 When schemas are about how others think, feel, reason, and can be expected to act, they
are ‘folk psychology’.
43 See Jack Snyder, The Ideology of the Offensive: Military Decision Making and the Disasters of
1914 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1984).
174 Rethinking ‘man’