even as it was dominating the actions of men and states in the world outside’. He argued
that Waltz could not take a normative position on the issue of nuclear war in his 1959
work because to do so would have robbed the book of its ‘methodological argument’
and undermined Waltz’s ‘consistency as a theoretician interested in analysis rather than
justification’ (Craig, Glimmer of a New Leviathan, p. 131).
11 Waltz, Man, the State and War, pp. 228, 238. See also Craig, Glimmer of a New Leviathan,
pp. 129, 131.
12 Waltz, Man, the State and War, p. 228, quote at p. 238.
13 Daniel Deudney has labelled such thinking ‘classical nuclear one-worldism’ which he
has defined as the belief that ‘nuclear explosives pose a radical challenge to the core
security-providing function of the state and that a world state is necessary to provide
security’. He has identified John H. Herz’s International Politics in the Atomic Age (New
York: Columbia University Press, 1959) and Kenneth Boulding’s Conflict and Defense:
A General Theory(New York: Harper and Row, 1962) as representing the ‘theoretical
apogee’ of this view. Daniel H. Deudney, Bounding Power: Republican Security Theory
from the Polis to the Global Village (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007),
p. 246. See also William Walker and Nicholas J. Wheeler, ‘Weak states, responsible
sovereignty, and the fitness to bear nuclear arms’ (unpublished paper on file with the
author).
14 Deudney made a similar argument and has labelled this position ‘deterrence statism’
(Deudney, Bounding Power, p. 247).
15 Kenneth N. Waltz, ‘Nuclear myths and political realities’, in Kenneth N. Waltz, Realism
and International Politics (Abingdon: Routledge, 2008), p. 291 (emphasis added).
16 This concept is developed in Walker and Wheeler, ‘Weak states, responsible sovereignty’.
17 Waltz, ‘The spread of nuclear weapons’, p. 30.
18 Waltz, ‘The spread of nuclear weapons’, p. 6.
19 Waltz, ‘The spread of nuclear weapons’, p. 16.
20 Kenneth N. Waltz, ‘The origins of war in neorealist theory’, in Waltz, Realism and
International Politics, pp. 64–65.
21 Waltz, ‘The origins of war in neorealist theory’, pp. 64–65. See also Waltz, ‘The spread
of nuclear weapons’, pp. 21–23; Scott D. Sagan and Kenneth N. Waltz, The Spread of
NuclearWeapons: A Debate Renewed (New York: W.W. Norton, 2003), pp. 29–33.
22 Waltz, ‘The spread of nuclear weapons’, p. 22.
23 Scott Sagan, Kenneth Waltz and Richard K. Betts, ‘A nuclear Iran: promoting stability
orcourting disaster’, Journal of International Affairs, 60 (2), 2007, p. 137. See also Waltz,
‘Nuclear myths and political realities’, p. 137. Scott Sagan, in his debate with Waltz,
attacked the latter’s assumption of state rationality using organisation theory. He
substantiated his case with empirical evidence from the Cold War and South Asian
nuclear experiences, emphasising that the ‘inherent limits of organizational reliability’
means that ‘the spread of nuclear weapons is more to be feared than welcomed’ (Sagan
and Waltz, The Spread of Nuclear Weapons, pp. 46–88, 90–108, 156–84, quote at p. 184).
24 Quoted in Sagan and Waltz, The Spread of Nuclear Weapons, p. 50.
25 Sagan and Waltz, The Spread of Nuclear Weapons, p. 154 (emphasis added).
26 Waltz, ‘The origins of war in neorealist theory’, p. 64. By identifying such a pivotal role
for nuclear fear in the prevention of war, Waltz, according to Craig, cannot sustain his
claim as to ‘the predominance of third-image over first-image factors’ since the logic of
Waltz’s argument in ‘The Spread of Nuclear Weapons’ was that the ‘First-image factor
of nuclear fear is dominant in questions of war and peace’ (Craig, Glimmer of a New
Leviathan, pp. 157–65, 169–73, quote at p. 157). Deudney has gone so far as to argue
that Waltz’s great faith in nuclear deterrence can be seen as a functional surrogate for
world government (Daniel Deudney, ‘Dividing Realism: Structural Realism versus
Security Materialism on Nuclear Security and Proliferation’, SecurityStudies, 2(3/4), 1993,
pp. 12–16.
27 See Len Scott, The Cuban Missile Crisis and the Threat of Nuclear War: Lessons from History
(London: Continuum, 2007).
264 Beyond Waltz’s nuclear world