that underpin the security dilemma. It is Jervis who introduced the concept of the ‘spiral
model’, in which policy-makers fail to ‘recognize that one’s own actions could be seen
as menacing and the concomitant belief that the other’s hostility can only be explained
by its aggressiveness’ (Robert Jervis, Perception and Misperception in International Politics,
Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1976), pp. 58–113, quotation at p. 75. See
also Booth and Wheeler, The Security Dilemma, pp. 42–58.
44 Barnett and Adler, ‘Security communities’, p. 414.
45 Karl Deutsch, Sidney A. Burrell, Robert A. Kann, Maurice Lee, Martin Lichterman,
Raymond E. Lingren, Francis L. Loewenheim and Richard W. Van Wagenen, Political
Community and the North Atlantic Area: International Organization in the Light of Historical
Experience (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1957), p. 5.
46 Booth and Wheeler, The Security Dilemma, pp. 234–6, 241–2.
47 Booth and Wheeler, The Security Dilemma, p. 7; Wheeler, ‘To put oneself into the other
fellow’s place’, pp. 493–509.
48 Simon J. Davies ‘Community versus deterrence: managing nuclear proliferation in Latin
America and South Asia’, International Relations, 18 (1), 2004, p. 60.
49 Jacques E.C. Hymans, The Psychology of Nuclear Proliferation: Identity, Emotions, and Foreign
Policy(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), pp. 160–61.
50 Andrew Hurrell, ‘An emerging security community in South America?’, in Adler and
Barnett, Security Communities, p. 235; Davies, ‘Community versus deterrence’, pp. 58–59;
Hymans, The Psychology of Nuclear Proliferation, p. 161.
51 The role of the human factor in trust-building is discussed in Booth and Wheeler, The
Security Dilemma, pp. 155–56, 166–67, 235, 237–38, 246–48.
52 Julio Carasales, ‘The evolution of the Argentine–Brazilian nuclear rapprochement’, paper
presented to the seminar on ‘Argentina and Brazil: The Latin American Nuclear
Rapprochement’, sponsored by the Shalheveth Freier Center for Peace, Science, and
Technology and the Institute for Science and International Security, 16 May 1996, Soreq,
Israel, available at: http://www.isis-online.org/publications/israel96/596am3.html (accessed 10
April 2007).
53 Hurrell, ‘An emerging security community in South America?’, p. 241.
54 Hurrell, ‘An emerging security community in South America?’, p. 241.
55 Hurrell, ‘An emerging security community in South America?’, p. 241; Paulo S. Wrobel,
‘From rivals to friends: the role of public declarations in Argentina–Brazil rapprochement’,
in Michael Krepon, J.S. Drezin and M. Newbill (eds), Declaratory Diplomacy:Rhetorical
Initiatives and Confidence Building (Washington, DC: Henry L. Stimson Center, 1999),
pp. 142–47.
56 J. R. Redick, Nuclear Illusions: Argentina and Brazil, Occasional Paper No. 25
(Washington, DC: Henry Stimson Center, 1995), pp. 22–23.
57 Annette C. Baier, Moral Prejudices: Essays on Ethics (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University
Press, 1995), p. 152.
58 Julio C. Carasales, ‘The so-called proliferator that wasn’t: the story of Argentina’s nuclear
policy’, Nonproliferation Review, 6 (4), 1999, p. 58.
59 Carasales, ‘The so-called proliferator that wasn’t’, p. 57.
60 Hurrell, ‘An emerging security community in South America?’, pp. 241–42.
61 Hurrell, ‘An emerging security community in South America?’, p. 250.
62 Mearsheimer and Waltz share certain key assumptions, crucially that the international
system is anarchic and populated by units wishing to survive. However, they part
company on the question of whether states seek to maximise their power (Mearsheimer)
or maintain their positions in the system (Waltz). Waltz’s position has been labelled
‘defensive realism’ because of what Randall Schweller called the ‘status-quo bias’ in
Waltz’s theory (Randall L. Schweller, ‘Neorealism’s status-quo bias: what security
dilemma?’, Security Studies, 5 (3), pp. 90–121). Even without taking into account nuclear
weapons, Waltz’s theory posits that a minimum order would be the rational outcome of
security competition in a system characterised by anarchy, the determination of states to
266 Beyond Waltz’s nuclear world