University of Minnesota Press, 1993); S. Gill (ed.), Gramsci, Historical Materialism and
International Relations(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993); D.P. Rapkin (ed.),
World Leadership and Hegemony(Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1990); A.S. Sassoon (ed.),
Approaches to Gramsci(London: Writers and Readers Publishing Cooperative Society,
1982).
79 Lukes, Power, p. 27.
80 Cox, Approaches, p. 136.
81 Lebow, Tragic Vision.
82 Lebow and Kelly, ‘Thucydides and hegemony’, p. 595.
83 C. Buci-Glucksman, ‘Hegemony and consent’, in Sassoon, Approaches to Gramsci, p. 120.
84 E. Augelli and C.N. Murphy, ‘Gramsci and international relations: a general perspective
and example from recent US policy toward the Third World’, in Gill, Gramsci, p. 130.
85 Lebow, Tragic Vision, pp. 283–84. The theme of ‘self-restraint’ is prominent also in Walt,
‘Keeping the world “off-balance”’, p. 153.
86 Lebow, Tragic Vision, p. 126.
87 Layne, ‘Unipolar illusion’, p. 8.
88 Ian Clark and Christian Reus-Smit, ‘Resolving international crises of legitimacy’,
International Politics, 44 (2/3), 2007.
89 S.G. Brooks and W. Wohlforth, ‘Hard times for soft balancing’, International Security,
30 (1), 2005, p. 105.
90 Pape, ‘Soft balancing’, pp. 36, 17.
91 Clark and Reus–Smit ‘Resolving international crises’.
92 T.V. Paul, ‘Soft balancing in the age of U.S. primacy’, International Security, 30 (1), 2005,
pp. 46–71.
93 J.S. Nye, Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics (New York: Public Affairs,
2004), p. 26.
94 Reus-Smit, American Power and World Order (Cambridge: Polity, 2004), pp. 63–64.
95 John G. Ruggie, Constructing the World Polity: Essays in International Institutionalization
(London: Routledge, 1998), p. 43.
How hierarchical can international society be? 287