Chapter 4
Guidance
for Visual and
Performing Arts
Programs
Dance
The elements of dance (time, space, and force or energy) can be applied to
other subject areas, such as the language arts, writing, mathematics, science,
history–social science, and physics. Opportunities for connections, relation-
ships, and applications in the curriculum can be found in the mathematics
of geometric shapes and spatial maps; the physics of energy and force; the use
of vocabulary, such as rhythm and character; the study of history and culture
through the study of dance from other time periods and locations around the
world; and the choreographic process as it relates to writing.Levels of Dance Instruction
In elementary school dance instruction is a part of classroom experiences.
Teachers at this level should participate regularly in professional development
in dance provided by, for example, teachers involved in The California Arts
Project or dance artists working in the schools. At the middle school and high
school levels, the dance program, offered in a visual and performing arts depart-
ment, is available to all students. At that level at least one teacher of dance
trained in teaching the knowledge, skills, and art of dance should be employed.Elementary School Level
All elementary school students in California should receive dance instruc-
tion in which, learning through creative movement, they create and perform
dance. Movement employs three modes: (1) auditory—the dancer listens to
the teacher or to an accompanying drum or music; (2) visual—children observe
and imitate the teacher, watch other dancers, and recognize spatial relation-
ships; and (3) kinesthetic—children, moving in both new and familiar ways,
develop a greater awareness of their bodies.
By practicing movements and viewing performance videos and live
performances, students can identify and experience a variety of dance forms.
Instruction is also focused on helping students understand dance vocabulary
and the historical and cultural contexts of dances, dance styles (see genre-d
in the glossary), and group expressions.
By emphasizing the creative process as well as the final performance, the
elementary curriculum provides opportunities for students to experience and
develop their creative potential and original expressions. In turn, this ability
leads students to accept and appreciate the work of others.Middle School Level
The middle school dance program expands elementary school learning and
experiences through broader explorations and deeper study. Students acquire
more extensive knowledge of dance, develop dance skills, and expand their
creative potential. By attending regular dance classes and participating in other