American Politics Today - Essentials (3rd Ed)

422 CHAPTER 13|CIVIL RIGHTS

9. The diff erence between de facto segregation and de
   jure segregation is that de facto ____; while de
   jure segregation _____.
   a) is the result of circumstances; is mandated by law
   b) is mandated by law; is the result of circumstances
   c) applies to racial minorities; applies to women
   d) applies to women; applies to racial minorities
   e) applies to all groups; applies to racial minorities


10. The strongest protection as the “suspect classifi ca-
    tion” applies which test?
    a) reasonable basis
    b) strict scrutiny
    c) intermediate scrutiny
    d) privileged interest
    e) disparate impact


11. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 __.
    a) established “majority-minority” districts
    b) established compulsory voter registration for Afri-
    can Americans
    c) eliminated direct obstacles to minority voting in
    the South

d) barred discrimination in the rental or sale of a

home

e) reduced participation by African Americans in the

South

12. Relative to the protection of individuals with disabili-
    ties, Congress’s track record in protecting gay rights is
    __.
    a) stronger
    b) about the same
    c) weaker
    d) nonexistent
    e) more focused on job discrimination

CRITICAL THINKING AND DISCUSSION

Which policy-making institution has historically played the

most important role in protecting the civil rights of Ameri-

cans? Does that institution still play that role today?

S PRACTICE ONLINE

“Critical Thinking ” exercise: Process Matters—Little

Rock and Desegregation

SUMMARY

The public is divided on the appropriateness of civil rights
policies, with diff erent groups preferring a “color-blind” or
color-specifi c approach. Moreover, the debates over issues
such as affi rmative action, immigration reform, and Eng-
lish as a second language indicate the level of confl ict over
civil rights policy. Nonetheless, when public opinion does
strongly support the application of civil rights in a particu-
lar arena, policy makers generally respond to these views.

PRACTICE QUIZ QUESTIONS

13. The Supreme Court’s implementation of “color-blind
    jurisprudence” fi ts the agenda of those who argue that
    __.
    a) the gap between blacks and whites has narrowed
    b) the civil rights movement needs to continue to
    fi ght for equal opportunity

c) African Americans need to be separate and fully

self-suffi cient

d) that equality of outcomes is important

e) that the gap between blacks and whites has

widened

14. What did the case University of California Regents v.
    Bakke establish?
    a) that race could play no role in the college admis-
    sions process
    b) that gender could play no role in the college admis-
    sions process
    c) that strict racial quotas in the admissions process
    were legal
    d) that race could be used as a “plus factor” in the
    admissions process
    e) that gender could be used as a “plus factor” in the
    admissions process

CONTINUING AND FUTURE CIVIL RIGHTS ISSUES

E Examine affi rmative action and other ongoing civil rights issues. Pages 416–19