A46 ENDNOTES
- David E. Lewis, Presidents and the Politics of Agency Design:
Political Insulation in the United States Government Bureau-
cracy, 1946–1997 (Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press,
2003). - David Epstein and Sharyn O’Halloran, Delegating Powers
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
You Decide
a. For details on this example, see http://topics.nytimes.com/
top/news/business/companies/solyndra/index.html
(accessed 4/11/12).CHAPTER 11- Brad Plumer and Ezra Klein, “Analysis: Little-Known Bureau-
crat Is Most Powerful Man in Housing Policy,” Washington
Post, August 31, 2011, p. A1. - Perry Bacon Jr., “House Passes Defense Spending Bill,” Wash-
ington Post, December 16, 2009, http://voices.washingtonpost
.com/44/2009/12/house-passes-defense-spending.html
(accessed 2/8/10). - The original quote is from Robert Dahl and was used in this
context in David E. Lewis, Presidents and the Politics of Agency
Design: Political Insulation in the United States Government
(Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 2003). - For a history of the Food and Drug Administration, see
John P. Swann, FDA History Offi ce, “History of the FDA,”
http://www.fda.gov/oc/history/historyoffda/section2.html
(accessed 7/15/08). - For details, see Cornelius Kerwin, Rulemaking: How Govern-
ment Agencies Write Law and Make Policy (Washington, DC:
CQ Press, 1999). - Andrew Pollack, “New Sense of Caution at FDA,” New York
Times, September 29, 2006. - There are two exceptions. A patient can enroll in a clinical
trial for a new drug during the approval process, but there
is a good chance that he or she will get a placebo or a previ-
ously approved treatment rather than the drug being tested.
The FDA does allow companies to provide some experimen-
tal drugs to patients who cannot participate in a trial but only
those drugs that have passed early screening trials. - Susan Okie, “Access before Approval—A Right to Take Experi-
mental Drugs?” New England Journal of Medicine 355 (2004):
437–40. - For details, see the U.S. General Services Administration site
at http://www.gsa.gov. - Michael Lipsky, Street Level Bureaucracy (New York: Russell
Sage Foundation, 1983). - Stephen Skowronek, Building a New American State: The
Expansion of National Administrative Capacities, 1877–1920
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982). - Terry Moe, “An Assessment of the Positive Theory of Congres-
sional Dominance,” Legislative Studies Quarterly 4 (1987):
475–98. - For evidence, see Edwards, On Deaf Ears.
- Edwards, On Deaf Ears.
- Samuel Kernell, Going Public: New Strategies of Presidential
Leadership, 2nd ed. (Washington, DC: Congressional Quar-
terly Press, 1993). - David Carr, “Obama’s Social Networking Was the Real Revo-
lution,” New York Times, November 9, 2008, http://www.nytimes
.com/2008/11/09/technology/09iht-carr.1.17652000.html
(accessed 11/2/10). - Associated Press, “Bush Regains Power after Colonoscopy,”
New York Times, July 21, 2007, http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/
us/AP-Bush-Colonoscopy.html?hp (accessed 4/29/08). - John Hart, The Presidential Branch: From Washington to Clin-
ton, 2nd ed. (Chatham, NY: Chatham House, 1995). - John Hart, “President Clinton and the Politics of Symbolism:
Cutting the White House Staff ,” Political Science Quarterly
110 (1995): 385–403. - Michael Fletcher, “White House Had Drug Offi cials Appear
with GOP Candidates,” Washington Post, July 18, 2007, p. A8. - David E. Lewis, “Staffi ng Alone: Unilateral Action and the
Politicization of the Executive Offi ce of the President, 1988–
2004,” Presidential Studies Quarterly 35 (2005): 496–514. - Charles E. Walcott and Karen M. Hult, “White House Staff
Size: Explanations and Implications,” Presidential Studies
Quarterly 29 (1999): 638–56. - Karen M. Hult and Charles E. Walcott, Empowering the White
House: Governance under Nixon, Ford, and Carter (Lawrence,
KS: University Press of Kansas, 2004). - David E. Lewis, The Politics of Presidential Appointments:
Political Control and Bureaucratic Performance (Princeton,
NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008). - For a series of articles detailing Cheney’s role, see “Angler:
The Cheney Vice Presidency,” Washington Post, June 24–27,
2007, http://www.washingtonpost.com/cheney (accessed 4/29/08). - For example, see David Talbot, “Creepier Than Nixon,” Salon,
March 31, 2004, http://dir.salon.com/story/news/feature/
2004/03/31/dean/index.html (accessed 4/29/08). - David Kirkpatrick, “Question of Timing on Bush’s Push on
Earmarks,” New York Times, January 29, 2008. - Alexander Hamilton and James Madison, The Pacifi cus-
Helvidius Debates of 1793–1794: Toward the Completion of the
American Founding, ed. Martin J. Frisch (1793; repr. India-
napolis, IN: Liberty Fund, 2007). - Richard E. Neustart, Presidential Power and the Modern Presi-
dents (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1991). - Terry M. Moe and William G. Howell, “The Presidential Power
of Unilateral Action,” Journal of Law, Economics, and Organi-
zation 15 (1999): 132–46. - Louis Fisher, Presidential War Power, 2nd ed. (Lawrence: Uni-
versity Press of Kansas, 2004); James M. Lindsay, “Deference
and Defi ance: The Shifting Rhythms of Executive–Legislative
Relations in Foreign Policy,” Presidential Studies Quarterly
33:3 (2003): 530–46; Lawrence Margolis, Executive Agree-
ments and Presidential Power in Foreign Policy (New York:
Praeger, 1985), 209–32.