A50 ENDNOTES
for a complete list of cases in which the Justice Department
has denied “preclearance” of a change in an electoral practice
under Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act.- Wendy Weiser and Margaret Chen, “Voter Suppression Inci-
dents, 2008 Analysis,” November 3, 2008, http://www.brennancenter
.org/content/resource/voter_suppression_incidents (accessed
1/19/10). - U.S. Census Bureau, “Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance
Coverage in the United States: 2008,” September 2009, www
.census.gov/prod/2009pubs/p60-236.pdf, pp. 7, 14 (accessed
9/8/10). - For data on African American and Hispanic income fi gures,
U.S. Census Bureau, “Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance
Coverage in the United States: 2008,” p. 6: wealth data are from
Federal Reserve System, “Changes in U.S. Family Finances
from 2007 to 2010: Evidence From the Survey of Consumer
Finances,” Federal Reserve Bulletin 98:2 (June 2012). - Life expectancy and infant mortality rates are from the Cen-
ters for Disease Control, http://www.cdc.gov/NCHS/data/nvsr/
nvsr58/nvsr58_19.pdf; maternity mortality rates are from
the National Center for Health Statistics, http://mchb.hrsa
.gov/mchirc/chusa_04/pages/0409mm.htm ( both accessed
3/21/08). Other health data are available from the Depart-
ment of Health and Human Services, http://www.hhs.gov (accessed
9/20/12). - Hundreds of studies have examined these patterns, and, not
surprisingly, there are divergent fi ndings. However, most have
found diff erences in sentencing based on race. A meta-analysis
of 85 studies by Ojmarrh Mitchell and Doris L. MacKenzie
funded by the U.S. Department of Justice found, “after taking
into account defendant criminal history and current off ense
seriousness, African-Americans and Latinos were generally
sentenced more harshly than whites.” See Mitchell and MacKen-
zie, “The Relationship between Race, Ethnicity, and Sentenc-
ing Outcomes: A Meta-Analysis of Sentencing Research,”
December 2004, http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffi les1/nij/grants/208129.
pdf. For government studies of racial profi ling, see the Jus-
tice Department’s “A Resource Guide on Racial Profi ling
Data Collection Systems,” November 2000, http://www.ncjrs.gov/
pdffi les1/bja/184768.pdf. For President Bush’s statement on
racial profi ling, see Department of Justice, “Fact Sheet: Racial
Profi ling,” June 17, 2003, http://www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/2003/June/
racial_profi ling_fact_sheet.pdf. For a GAO study, see “Racial
Profi ling: Limited Data on Motorist Stops,” March 2000,
http://www.gao.gov/new.items/gg00041.pdf. Government statistics
on crime may be found on the Federal Bureau of Investigation
site at http://www.fb i.gov. (All documents accessed 3/21/08.) - Criminal Justice Information Services Division, Federal
Bureau of Investigation, 2006 Hate Crime Statistics, http://www.fb i
.gov/ucr/hc2006/table1.html (accessed 3/21/08). - Clayborne Carson, David J. Garrow, Gerald Gill, Vincent
Harding, and Darlene Clark Hine, eds., The Eyes on the Prize
Civil Rights Reader (New York: Penguin Books, 1997). - Nate Silver, “Tea Party Nonpartisan Attendance Esti-
mates: Now 300,000,” April 16, 2009, http://www.fi vethirtyeight - David O’Brien, Storm Center: The Supreme Court in American
Politics, 4th ed. (New York: Norton, 1996). - We thank Dan Smith for raising this point.
CHAPTER 13
- “United States’ Investigation of the Maricopa County Sher-
iff s Offi ce,” U.S. Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division,
December 15, 2011, http://www.justice.gov/crt/about/spl/documents/
mcso_fi ndletter_12-15-11.pdf, accessed January 30, 2012. - Mark Lacey, “U.S. Finds Pervasive Bias Against Latinos by Ari-
zona Sheriff ,” New York Times, December 16, 2011, http://www.nytimes
.com/2011/12/16/us/arizona-sheriff s-offi ce-unfairly-targeted
-latinos-justice-department-says.html?ref=josephmarpaio
(accessed 1/31/12). - “The Persistence of Racial and Ethnic Profi ling in the United
States,” American Civil Liberties Union and the Rights Work-
ing Group, New York, August 2009, p. 42, http://www.aclu.org/fi les/
pdfs/humanrights/cerd_fi nalreport.pdf (accessed 1/31/12). - Lacey, “U.S. Finds Pervasive Bias.”
- The number of slaves who died in transit is hotly contested.
The most common estimate is that one-sixth of slaves died
in transit on the “Middle Passage” to the American colo-
nies. Much higher mortality rates occurred in the slave
trade to the Middle East and South America. See “Learning
about the Transatlantic Slave Trade,” http://www.antislavery.org/
breakingthesilence (accessed 1/26/12). - Howard Dodson, “How Slavery Helped Build a World Econ-
omy,” February 3, 2003, in Jubilee: The Emergence of African-
American Culture (New York: Schomburg Center for Research
in Black Culture, New York City Public Library). - John W. Wright, ed., New York Times 2000 Almanac (New
York: Penguin Reference, 1999), p. 165. Estimates from vari-
ous online sources are quite a bit higher, averaging about
620,000 deaths. - Chandler Davidson, “The Voting Rights Act: A Brief History,”
in Controversies in Minority Voting: The Voting Rights Act
in Perspective, ed. Bernard Grofman and Chandler Davidson
(Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1992), p. 21. - “Indian Removal: 1814–1848,” Public Broadcasting Sys-
tem,” http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2959.html (accessed
1/26/12). - Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, 30 U.S. (1831).
- United States v. Wong Kim Ark, 169 U.S. 649 (1898).
- Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities, Uni-
versity of Virginia, Abigail Adams to John Adams, March 31,
1776, http://www.iath.virginia.edu/seminar/unit1/text/adams.htm
(accessed 7/30/08). - Lucian K. Truscott IV, “The Real Mob at Stonewall,” New York
Times, June 25, 2009, A19. - See a variety of polls at Pollingreport.com, http://www.pollingreport
.com/civil.htm (accessed 1/26/12). - Davidson, “The Voting Rights Act,” p. 22. See U.S. Department
of Justice, Civil Rights Division, “About Section 5 of the Voting
Rights Act,” http://www.justice.gov/crt/vot/sec_5/obj_activ.php?,