ENDNOTES A51
- Drew S. Days III, “Section 5 Enforcement and the Justice
Department,” in Controversies in Minority Voting: The Vot-
ing Rights Act in Perspective, ed. Bernard Grofman and Chan-
dler Davidson (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press,
1992), p. 52; Frank R. Parker, Black Votes Count (Chapel Hill:
University of North Carolina Press, 1990), p. 1.
- “Fair Housing: It’s Your Right.” U.S. Department of Housing
and Urban Development, http://portal.hud.gov/hudportal/
HUD?src=/program_offices/fair_housing_equal_opp/
FHLaws/yourrights (accessed 2/2/12).
- United States v. Morrison, 529 U.S. 598 (2000).
- Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett, 531
U.S. 356 (2001). However, in State of Tennessee v. George Lane
and Beverly Jones, 541 U.S. 509 (2004), the Court ruled that
the disabled must have access to courthouses.
- The White House, “Remarks by the Reception Commemorat-
ing the Enactment of the Matthew Shepard and James Byrd
Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act,” October 28, 2009, www
.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president
-reception-commemorating-enactment-matthew-shephard
-and-James-Byrd (accessed 1/21/10).
- Tim Mak, “Post ‘Don’t Ask,’ Gay Navy Lt. Marries,” Politco,
September 20, 2011, http://www.politico.com/news/stories/
0911/63909.html (accessed 1/12/12).
- Sarah Huisenga and Rebecca Kaplan, CBS News, August 24,
2012, “Rom ney’s Birth Certifi cate Remark Sets off Firestorm,”
http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-57500031-503544/
romney-birth-certificate-remark-sets-off-firestorm/
(accessed 10/5/12).
- New York Times/CBS poll, December 6–9, 1997. Fifty-nine
percent of whites and 82 percent of blacks favored the educa-
tion programs, while 57 percent of whites but only 23 percent
of blacks opposed preferences in hiring and promotion “to
make up for past discrimination.”
- A training program case was United Steel Workers of America
v. Weber, 443 U.S. 193 (1979); a labor union case was Sheet
Metal Workers v. EEOC, 478 U.S. 421 (1986); and a case involv-
ing Alabama state police was U.S. v. Paradise, 480 U.S. 149
(1987).
- Richmond v. J. A. Croson Co., 488 U.S. 469 (1989).
- Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Pena, 515 U.S. 200 (1995).
- Ricci v. DeStefano, 557 U.S. 2009.
- Regents of Univ. of California v. Bakke, 438 U.S. 265 (1978).
- Grutter v. Bollinger, 123 S. Ct. 2325 (2003), was the law school
case and Gratz v. Bollinger, 123 S. Ct. 2411 (2003), was the
undergraduate admissions case.
- In Bakke, Justice Lewis Powell was the only member of the
Court who held this position, even if it became the basis for
all affi rmative action programs over the next 25 years. Four
justices in the Bakke decision wanted to get rid of race as
a factor in admissions, and another four thought that the
“strict scrutiny” standard should not even be applied in this
instance.
- Alexander v. Sandoval, 532 U.S. 275 (2001).
- Arizona v. United States, 567 U.S. ___ (2012).
.com/2009/04/tea-party-nonpartisan-attendance.html
(accessed 1/19/10).
- Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada, 305 U.S. 377 (1938).
- Sweatt v. Painter, 339 U.S. 629 (1950).
- Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954).
- Brown v. Board of Education (II), 349 U.S. 294 (1955).
- Paul Brest and Sanford Levinson, Process of Constitutional
Decision Making: Cases and Material (Boston: Little, Brown,
1982), pp. 471–80.
- Griffi n et al. v. County School Board of Prince Edward County,
377 U.S. 218 (1964).
- Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenberg Board of Education, 402 U.S.
1 (1971).
- Milliken v. Bradley, 418 U.S. 717 (1974).
- Board of Education of Oklahoma City v. Dowell, 498 U.S. 237
(1991).
- Missouri v. Jenkins, 515 U.S. 70 (1995).
- Parents Involved in Community Schools Inc. v. Seattle School
District, 05-98 (2007); Meredith v. Jeff erson County (Ky.)
Board of Education, 551 U.S. (2007).
- Griggs v. Duke Power, 401 U.S. 424 (1971).
- Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio, 490 U.S. 642 (1989).
- Easley v. Cromartie, 532 U.S. 234 (2001), rehearing denied,
532 U.S. 1076 (2001).
- Easley v. Cromartie, 532 U.S. 1076 (2001).
- Reed v. Reed, 404 U.S. 71 (1971).
- Frontiero v. Richardson, 411 U.S. 677 (1973).
- Craig v. Boren, 429 U.S. 190 (1976).
- United States v. Virginia, 518 U.S. 515 (1996).
- Johnson v. Transportation Agency of Santa Clara, 480 U.S. 616
(1987).
- Harris v. Forklift Systems, 510 U.S. 17 (1993).
- Grove City College v. Bell, 465 U.S. 555 (1984).
- Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., 550 U.S. (2007).
- Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, “Outback
Steakhouse to Pay $19 Million for Sex Bias against Women
in ‘Glass Ceiling ’ Suit by EEOC,” press release, December 29,
2009, http://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/newsroom/release/12-29-09a.cfm
(accessed 1/20/10).
- Bowers v. Hardwick, 478 U.S. 186 (1986), rehearing denied, 478
U.S. 1039 (1986).
- Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of
Boston, 515 U.S. 557 (1995) and Boy Scouts of America v. Dale,
530 U.S. 640 (2000).
- Romer v. Evans, 517 U.S. 620 (1996).
- Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558 (2003). Because the basis for
the decision was the due process clause of the Fourteenth
Amendment and not the equal protection clause, this ruling
upheld a civil liberty rather than a civil right. As such, it applied
to all laws regarding sodomy, not just those that applied to gays.
However, the decision has been widely regarded as a landmark
civil rights case because it provided equal rights for gays.
- Jerry Markon, “California Supreme Court Clears Way for
Same-Sex Marriage Case,” Washington Post, November 17,
2011, p. A1.
