2.1 The Dover bronze-age boat 3
2.2 The fifteenth-century Newport ship 4
2.3 Experimental archaeology: building a
replica log boat 9
2.4 Trials of the Loch Glashan replica
log boat 9
3.1 Post-fieldwork activity 12
4.1 Archaeological sites as part of a
settlement pattern 16
4.2 Survival of clues on underwater sites
relative to dry sites 17
4.3 An RNLI wreck chart for 1876–7 18
4.4 Site types: aerial photograph of a stone-
built fish-trap at Airds Bay, Scotland 19
4.5 Tree-rings viewed through a microscope 24
4.6 Tree-ring sequence built up from trees
in the same area 25
4.7 Typology: how it works 27
4.8 Stratigraphy from above: the
sequence of events 27
4.9 Stratigraphy: what it can reveal 28
4.10 The importance of context and
stratigraphy 28
4.11 Site-formation processes 29
4.12 Re-used ship’s timbers in an open barn
on the Turks and Caicos Islands 32
8.1 In situ recording: a diver’s recording form
completed during excavation of the
Mary Rosein 1982 56
8.2 Planning contexts 59
8.3 Harris matrix 59
8.4 Section through a gully on the wreck of
El Gran Grifon(1588) 60
8.5 An archaeological database 62
9.1 An eighteenth-century gravestone near the
River Tay in Perthshire showing a salmon
fisherman’s square-sterned coble 6710.1 A diver sketching a late ninetenth-century
shipwreck in Dor, Israel 72
10.2 A simple set-up for photographing finds
using a vertical stand 74
10.3 A vertically photographed wooden weaving
heddle from the Armada wreck La
Trinidad Valencera(1588) 75
10.4 Obliquely photographed wooden bellows
from the Armada wreck La Trinidad
Valencera(1588) 75
10.5 Important considerations for successful
underwater photography 76
10.6 A 5 metre square photomosaic of ship
remains on the Duart Point wreck 78
10.7 A photographic tower positioned on
a rigid site grid 79
10.8 Photomosaics: formula to calculate
lens focal length and camera
height necessary to give the
required coverage 79
10.9 Underwater use of a video camera 80
11.1 The earth, showing latitude, longitude
and equator 84
11.2 The basis of the Universal Transverse
Mercator (UTM) projection 84
11.3 A scatter of shots showing precision
and accuracy 86
11.4 Taking horizontal sextant angles 87
11.5 How to use sextant angles (scribed
on drafting film) 88
11.6 Sextant angles: plotted geometrically
from baselines between charted
features 89
11.7 A triangle of error, or ‘cocked hat’ 90
11.8 The use of coastal features as transit
marks to establish the position of a site 90
11.9 Accuracy of transits 91List of Figures
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