Audio Engineering

Index 903

tone controls , 222–234
general design considerations ,
218–219
gramophone pick-up inputs ,
169
ceramic piezo-electric
cartridges , 169
moving coil pick-up
cartridges , 170–171
moving magnet and variable
reluctance cartridges ,
169–170
input circuitry , 171–175
input connections , 183
input switching , 184
diode switching , 186 , 187
transistor switching ,
184–186
linearity:
bipolar transistors , 188–192 ,
193
fi eld effect devices , 193 ,
194–197
moving coil pick-up head
amplifi er design , 175–176
noise levels , 197–198
output voltage characteristics ,
198
signal characteristics ,
199–200
performance standards , 209
ICs, use of , 209–211
modern standards , 211–212
preamplifi er stages , 186 , 188
requirements , 167
signal voltage and impedance
levels , 167–168
voltage amplifi er design ,
200–202
Precision adaptive sub-band
coding (PASC) , 583–584
Pressure fi elds , 97
Pressure gradient , 645 , 648 , 649 ,
650

Pressure microphones , 647

Pressure-type headphones ,

742–743

Principles, of audio , 3

aperiodic signal , 5–6

audio level metering , 30–31

cochlea , 9–11

decibel , 26–30

frequency discrimination ,

16–20

frequency response and

linearity , 20–22

level and loudness , 14–16

mental process , 11–14

periodic signal , 5

root mean square

measurements , 25–26

sine wave , 22–24

sound:

and ear , 6–9

physics of , 3–4

wavelength , 4–5

Printed circuit board (PCB)

design , see Audio

amplifi er printed circuit

board design

Pro approach , 259

Process functions , 267

clip prevention , 277–278

clipping considerations , 277

common gain control , 267–272

compression and limiting ,

276–277

remotable gain controls ,

272–275

remote control considerations ,

275–276

soft clip , 278 , 279

Product code , 428 , 543

Professional audio editing , 597

Program stream , 432

Programmable delay , 536–537

Psychoacoustic masking systems ,

583

Pulse code modulation (PCM) ,

412 , 497

adaptor , 553–554

Pulse width modulation , 319

Push–pull vs. single-ended

operation , 352–354

Q

Q ’ control , 780 , 788

Quad tilt control , 231

Quad ultralow noise input circuit ,

182–183

Quantization , 497

Quantization error , 497

Quantization noise , 497–498

Quantizing , 413 , 478 , 482–488

Quantizing distortion , 485–486

Quantizing noise , see Quantizing

distortion

R

R–2R digital to analogue

converter , 483 , 484

Radial lead capacitor , 124 , 125

Radiation from piston , 677–678

Radiation impedance , 677

Radiation of sound , 675–677

Radio frequency (RF) noise , 143

Radio frequency (RF) signals , 175

Radio frequency fi ltration ,

252–253

requirement , 253

Rail induction distortion , 383

Ramp generator , 482

Random access memory (RAM) ,

534

Raster scanning , 811

Raw PCM data , 602

Rear suspension , 693

Recording consoles , 761 , 775 , 777

audio mixer circuitry , 779

effect send and return , 788

faders and pan controls ,

788–789