Iosephus (T. Flauius Iosephus; Greek: Io ̄se ̄pos): participant in the Jewish rebellion (66– 67
), surrendered to the Romans, became a Roman citizen and assisted them against the
Jews; composed an account of the revolt (published ca 75 ) and a history of the Jews
(ca 95 ).
Isokrate ̄s (“Isocrates”): Athenian orator and teacher, active 392 until his death 338 .
Julian: emperor of the Byzantine Empire (ruled in the Western Empire from 355 , reigned
as emperor 361– 363 ); attempted to restore paganism as the dominant religion; killed
in battle against the Persians. (For the name, cf. the seven entries on men named Iulianus.)
Justinian: emperor of the Byzantine Empire (reigned 527– 565 ); contrast the later
emperor Justinian II (reigned 685–695 and from 705– 711 ).
Kassandros (“Cassander”): son of Antipatros (Alexander’s regent in Macedon), ruler of
Greece and Macedon (from ca 316 ), then king of Macedon (reigned 305– 297 ).
Lucian of Samosata: writer of essays and stories, often satirical, from the Roman province of
Syria, d. ca 180 or later.
Lykophro ̄n of Khalkis: adoptive son of Lukos of Rhe ̄gion (q.v.) and writer of tragedies and
other poetry, active in Alexandria ca 285 – 245 .
Mausso ̄llos (“Mausolus”): Karian dynast who ruled, jointly with his sister-wife Artemisia,
from Mulasa and then Halikarnassos (377– 353 ); his tomb was regarded as a wonder.
Origen: Christian theologian and Platonist, d. ca 254 , student of Clement of Alexandria,
and author of many works (for the feminine form of the name, cf. the entry on O ̄rigeneia).
Perikle ̄s (“Pericles”): Athenian politician and general, in power 461– 429 , sponsor of
building and military programs. (For the name, cf. the two entries on men named Perikle ̄s.)
Pho ̄tios: Christian patriarch of Constantinople (858–867 and 877– 886 ), and productive
scholar, whose Library (Bibliotheca) preserves summaries of many lost works; d. 893 .
Prokopios of Caesarea: historian of the reign of Justinian, and legal advisor to Justinian’s
general Belisarius; wrote on the wars of Justinian, the buildings of Justinian, and a
“Secret History” (reporting scandals concerning Justinian).
Ptolemy: name of most of the rulers of the Ptolemaic Empire (Egypt and other possessions),
esp. the first of the name, So ̄te ̄r (reigned 323– 283 ), who had been a general under
Alexander; his son the second, Philadelphos (reigned 283– 246 ); the third, son of the
second, Euergete ̄s (reigned 246– 221 ); and the fourth, son of the third, Philopato ̄r
(reigned 221– 205 ). For the name, cf. the six entries on men named Ptolemaios.
Pyrrho of E ̄lis: philosopher active ca 330 – 270 , teacher of Timo ̄n of Phleious (q.v.), and
“founder” of ancient skepticism.
Seleukos: name of many rulers of the Seleukid Empire, esp. the first, Nikato ̄r (reigned
312 – 281 ), who had been a governor under Alexander, and who was the father of
Antiokhos I; and the second (reigned 246– 225 ), father of Antiokhos III. (Cf. also
three entries on men named Seleukos.)
So ̄crate ̄s: character in Plato’s dialogues, based upon the historical figure also known from
Xenopho ̄n of Athens (q.v.) and Aristophane ̄s; for the name, cf. the four entries on men
named So ̄krate ̄s.
Sophokle ̄s: Athenian tragedian, active from ca 470 , d. 406 .
Theokritos: poet active ca 275 – 260 , some of whose works were addressed to Hiero ̄n of
Surakousai (q.v.). (For the name, cf. the entry on the pharmacist Theokritos).
Tzetze ̄s: from Georgia, worked in Constantinople, d. 1180 , writer of letters, poetry, and
commentaries.
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