accumulated blood as the cause of piles, fistula in ano, and condyloma, both recommend
treatment by medication and fomentation but favor surgery, though apparently not for piles
in women (H 7).
These surgical tracts refer to many metal instruments: cupping vessels ( J 48, M 38, U 27);
knives with fine sharp blades (U 24); probes (U 10, 24, J 11, 37, F 5), of tin (F 4) and lead (F
6); iron cauteries that are slender ( J 11), obeliskoid (H 2), and passed through a tube (H 6);
iron reduction levers (Fr 31, J 68, M 25, 33, 42); and, for anal dilation, a katopte ̄r (H 4 – 5; F 3),
possibly the familiar rectal speculum of the Roman Empire. These Greek tools were often
not regularly professionally prepared, but created ad hoc.
Translations (with informative introductions): Fr, J, M, and S: Withington (1928); Fr reprinted in
G.E.R. Lloyd, ed., Hippocratic Writings (1983); U, H, and F: Potter (1995).
Lawrence J. Bliquez
Hippokratic Corpus, in Pahlavi texts
The deep influence of Greek medicine in Iran is attested from the Achaemenid period
when Greek physicians such as D K, K K or Apoll-
o ̄nide ̄s of Ko ̄s (Kte ̄sias, FGrHist 688 F14.34, 44) were active at the Persian court. Moreover,
a Greek doctor, Stephanos of Edessa, cured the Sasanian king Ka ̄wa ̄d I (Prokopios, Bell.
Pers. 2.26). Pahlavi sources clearly refer to the Hippokratic tradition, e.g., humoral theory
(Wizidag ̄ıha ̄ ̄ı Zadspra ̄m 29 – 30). The 9th c. Zoroastrian encyclopedia De ̄nkard (3.157) attests
the Hippokratic distinction between medicine of the body and of the soul. The Christian
(Nestorian) school of medicine, where Greek and Indian doctrines intermingled, surely
represents a center of diffusion of Western medicine in Iran. A melothesia in Iranian
Bundahisˇn 28.3–5 (e.g., the eyes relate to the Sun and Moon) seems to derive from the
H C S.
L.C. Casartelli, La philosophie religieuse du Mazdéisme sous les Sassanides (1884); Idem, “Un traité pehlevi sur
la médecine,” Le Muséon 5 (1886) 296–316, 531–558; H. Fichtner, Die Medezin im Avesta (1924); Bailey
(1943; 1971) 104–108; E. Benveniste, “La doctrine médicale des Indoeuropéens,” RHR 130 (1945)
5 – 12; R.Ch. Zaehner, Zurvan. A Zoroastrian Dilemma (1955; 1971^2 ); A. Götze, “Persische Weisheit
in griechischem Gewande,” Zeitschrift für Indologie und Iranistik 2 (1963) 60–98, 167–174; J. de
Menasce, Le troisième livre du De ̄nkart (1973); Panaino (2001).
Antonio Panaino
Hippolutos of Rome (200 – 236 CE)
Controversial Christian father (b. ca 170 CE) who disputed the status of the official bishop of
Rome and had to go into exile on Sardinia. His main work, Refutation of all Heresies, is an
attempt to derive Christian ideas from earlier Greek philosophy and contains numerous
fragments of Pre-Socratics and other philosophers. Book 1 has a number of doxographical
reports similar to D L while later books contain many fragments of, in
particular, H and E.
C. Osborne, Rethinking Early Greek Philosophy. Hippolytus and the Presocratics, (1987); J. Mansfeld, Heresiology
in Context. Hippolytus’ Elenchos as a Source of Greek Philosophy (1992); I. Mueller, “Heterodoxy and
Doxography in Hippolytus’ ‘Refutation of All Heresies’,” ANRW 2.36.6 (1992) 4309–4374; K. Alt
“Hippolytos als Referent Platonischer Lehren,” Jahrbuch für Antike und Christentum 40 (1997) 78–105.
Jørgen Mejer
HIPPOKRATIC CORPUS, IN PAHLAVI TEXTS