of varying length on the zodiac, planets and meteorology. It is not the adaptation of the
second part of Aratos’ Phainomena (ordinarily called Diose ̄meiai), but these fragments may
have been part of a large poem dealing with astronomy, astrology and meteorology.
Ed.: A. Le Boeuffle, Germanicus. Les Phénomènes d’Aratos (CUF 1975).
OCD3 783, B.M. Levick; BNP 5 (2004) 812–814, Werner Eck.
Christophe Cusset
C. Iulius Caesar Octauianus, Augustus (31 (^) BCE – 14 CE)
The emperor Augustus, born in Rome (Suet., Aug. 5); according to Suetonius, Aug. 85, he
wrote a possibly geographical poem on Sicily, and is also attested to have “completed” the
map of A.
OCD3 217 – 218, N. Purcell.
PTK
I F ⇒ F
Sex. Iulius Frontinus (ca 90 – 103/104 CE)
Born ca 40, Roman senator, possibly from southern Gaul, with a distinguished active career
(70 CE: praetor urbanus and assisted in repressing the Iulius Ciuilis revolt; consul, 72 or 73;
governor of Britain, 73/74–77; proconsul of Asia, 87; curator aquarum under Nerva, 97;
suffect consul, 98; and consul, 100), and authored De aquis urbis Romae and Strategemata.
Frontinus writes on the aqueducts of Rome as the Roman senatorial administrator (cur-
ator) deeply cognizant of his department’s technology. He cites technical reports from engin-
eers, senatorial decrees and known abuses of the public water system (e.g. illegal tapping).
He credits M. V A and his architect V for having introduced the
use of standard pipe sizes (the only other reference in antiquity) based on the measurement
of the quinaria (meaning either a five-digit lead sheet rolled into a pipe, or a pipe five
quadrantes – quarter digits – in diameter), but he gives slightly different and more compli-
cated measurements than Vitruuius, probably indicating further evolution of the system
(De aquis, 25, 26–34, Vitr. 8.6.4). Strategemata is divided into four books: before battle; during
and after battle; sieges; and generalship. The authenticity of the fourth book, though ques-
tioned, is probably genuine, and was likely meant to be a manual on military practice
to assist the education of the Roman senatorial elite in their potential roles as field
commanders. He is also possibly the author of certain sections of the Corpus Agrimensorum.
Ed.: C. Thulin, Corpus Agrimensorum Romanorum 1/1 (1913); C.E. Bennet and M.B. McElwain, Stratagems,
The Aqueducts of Rome (Loeb 1925); P. Grimal, Les Aqueducs de la ville de Rome 2nd ed. (CUF 1961; repr.
2003); R.H. Rodgers, De aquaeductu urbis Romae (2004).
O.A.W. Dilke, The Roman Land Surveyors (1971; repr. 1992).
Thomas Noble Howe
L. Iulius Graecinus (30 – 50 CE)
Roman senator from Forum Iulii, and the father of the Iulius Agricola immortalized by
T (Agricola); Caligula executed him for refusing to participate in a show-trial
(Tac., Agr. 4). He wrote in Latin a treatise On Vineyards (de Vineis) in two books whose style
L. IULIUS GRAECINUS