pre-Iktinian phase of the building dated to the time of Kimo ̄n (460s); Svenson-Evers, by
contrast, has assigned Kallikrate ̄s to a post-Iktinian phase dated to the time of Perikle ̄s
(440s-430s). Those who see Kallikrate ̄s as a major designer of the 5th c. BCE have
increased his oeuvre on the basis of characteristics that are directly or indirectly linked to
the Temple of Athena Nike ̄. As early as 1908, Lethaby connected the small Ionic “temple
on the Ilissos” in Athens with Kallikrate ̄s and soon thereafter Studniczka suggested that
this temple preserved the plan originally intended for the temple of Athena Nike ̄. Sub-
sequently, Dinsmoor added to Kallikrate ̄s’s oeuvre the Doric temple of the Athenians on
Delos, and I. M. Shear added the Erechtheion on the Athenian Acropolis. Carpenter,
while leaving aside the Erechtheion, added the Hephaisteion and the temple of Ares in
Athens, the temple of Poseidon at Sounion, and the temple of Nemesis at Rhamnous.
Although Carpenter attempted to demonstrate that such a large number of buildings
could have been created by a single man, it would seem that few other scholars have
followed him. Martin rejects Carpenter’s additions, but expands Kallikrate ̄s’s oeuvre in yet
another direction; he argues that Kallikrate ̄s, as a master of decorative design in the Ionic
style, was responsible for the innovative Ionic-Corinthian interior of the Temple of Apollo
at Bassai.
R. Carpenter, The Architects of the Parthenon (1970) 83–109; W.B. Dinsmoor, Architecture of Ancient Greece,
3rd ed. (1950) 148, 159, 183–187; G. Gruben, Die Tempel der Griechen, 4th ed. (1986) 149–151, 163–178,
188 – 193; R. Martin, “L’atelier Ictinos-Callicratès au temple de Bassae,” BCH 100 (1976) 427–442;
H.B. Mattingly, “The Athena Nike Temple Reconsidered,” AJA 86 (1982) 381–385; J.R. McCredie
“Architects of the Parthenon,” in Studies in Classical Archaeology (1979) 69–73; I.M. Shear, “Kallikrates,”
Hesperia 32 (1963) 375–424; Svenson-Evers (1996) 214–236; B. Wesenberg, “Zur Baugeschichte des
Niketempels,” JdI 96 (1981) 28–54.
Christopher A. Pfaff
Kallimakhos (of Bithunia) (ca 275 – 205 BCE)
He ̄rophilos’ student, whom E, citing with B T and
P, chides for calling the plague “divine” because of superstitions regarding it
(fr.33, p. 108 Nachm.). P referred to Kallimakhos as one of the two eponymous
founders (with H) of a Rationalist school of medicine in Alexandria, but
asserted that the Kallimakheans’ focus on disease theory (to the exclusion of dietetics,
surgery, and pharmaceutics) was detrimental to patients (Book 12, fr.25d). R
E affirmed Kallimakhos’ emphasis on symptoms in diagnosis (Quaest. Med. 3.21).
Kallimakhos wrote an Hippokratic lexicography (Ero ̄tianos Pr., p. 4.26 Nachm.) and an
exegesis of the H C, E 6 (and possibly also Prognosis), often
chiding earlier He ̄rophilean commentators, including He ̄rophilos (Gale ̄n In Hipp. Epid.
VI [CMG 5.10.2.1, p. 21]). P, calling him a medical writer (1.ind. 21 – 27), reports that
Kallimakhos wrote on toxic and pharmaceutical effects of botanicals, including fragrant
wreaths (21.12), and called e ̄rigero ̄n by the name akanthis (25.167–168).
von Staden (1989) 480–483; OCD3 277 – 278, Idem; BNP 2 (2003) 978–979 (#5), V. Nutton.
GLIM
KALLIMAKHOS (OF BITHUNIA)