leadership deep in hostile territory, elected new leaders, including Xenopho ̄n, and traveled
back to Greece. Xenopho ̄n was later exiled from Athens for his association with Cyrus, or
because he fought under the Spartan king Agesilaus against Athens at Koronea (394 BCE).
The Spartans gave him property at Skillous, near Olympia in E ̄lis, where he composed his
works. Xenopho ̄n’s Anabasis (“The Expedition” or “The March Up Country”), to which
he prefixed the pseudonym Themistogene ̄s of Surakousai for greater credibility, records
the expedition of the Ten Thousand and the journey home, Notably, Alexander, during the
early phases of his expedition into Persia, used the Anabasis as a field guide. Xenopho ̄n’s
main historical work is the seven-book Hellenika treating events from 411 to 362, continuing
T’ history, and underscoring Xenopho ̄n’s optimal knowledge of military art, his
interest in prominent personalities, and skill at psychological analysis. Xenopho ̄n was par-
ticularly interested in analyzing the character traits of leaders, as in the biography of his
friend the Spartan king Agesilaus, the Cyropaedia and Hiero, and in his reflections on the
Constitution of Sparta. Moreover his treatises On Horsemanship and The Cavalry General both
address military cavalry art. He also composed Hunting with Dogs, and Ways and Means
wherein he addresses economic problems of reorganizing Athenian finances.
M. Sordi, “I caratteri dell’opera storiografica di Senofonte nelle Elleniche,” Athenaeum 28 (1950) 3– 53
and 29 (1951) 273–348; É. Delebecque, Essai sur la vie de Xénophon (1957); RE 9A.2 (1967) 1569–2051,
H.R. Breitenbach; L. Canfora, Tucidide continuato (1970); C.J. Tuplin, The Failings of Empire. A Reading
of Xenophon Hellenica 2.3.11–7.5.27 (1993); J. Dillery, Xenophon and the History of his Times (1995).
Cristiano Dognini
Xenopho ̄n (of Ko ̄s?) (330 – 270 BCE)
Greek physician, P’ pupil. (The Xenopho ̄n of Ko ̄s in D L
2.59 is surely the physician of the emperor Claudius.) We do not know the origin of
Praxagoras’ pupil, although a medieval MS (Laur. Lat. 73.1, f.143V) quotes a “Xenophon
Alexandrinus” in a list of physicians, after Praxagoras and H, referring perhaps
merely to his place of activity. He studied malign tumors and tumors called terminthoi
(O Coll. 44.15 [CMG 6.2.1, p. 132]), and wrote On cancers (ibid. 45.11 [p. 166]).
Most peculiarly, in referring to the word theion (divine) in the H C, O
S D 1, Xenopho ̄n considered somewhat divine the phenomenon of
the “critical day” of the disease’s evolution and compared it to the Dioskouroi appearing
to shipwreck victims (E fr.33 [p. 108 Nachm.]): the Hippokratic Corpus utterly
denies the divine origin of disease. C A 2.186 (CML 6.1.1, p. 658) men-
tions the uterine therapy and ligations for therapy of hemorrhage of a Xenopho ̄n (as well
as of D (M.)), whose identity is more doubtful.
Steckerl (1958); RE 9A.2 (1967) 2089–2092; F. Kudlien; KP 5.1430–1431, J. Kollesch; NP 12/2.643,
V. Nutton.
Daniela Manetti
Xenopho ̄n of Lampsakos (ca 100 – 60 BCE)
Greek geographer, author of two lost works on Syria and a periplous which described
coasts beyond the Mediterranean, of northern and western Europe, and of Africa. He
mentioned an enormous island, Balcia, three days’ sail from the Skuthian coast (P
4.95): probably Scandinavia. Xenopho ̄n’s fragments, as they are preserved for instance in
XENOPHO ̄N (OF KO ̄S?)