Edessa, Kure ̄ne ̄, and Nisibis). After several earthquakes (332, 342, 352 CE), rebuilt as
Constantia by Constantius II (337– 361 CE) and made capital of the island. PECS 794 – 796,
K. Nicolaou; OCD3 1347 (#2), H.W. Catling; BAGRW 72-D2; NP 10.1243–1244, R. Senff.
E.
Salona (mod. Solin; 43 ̊ 32 ’ N, 16 ̊ 29 ’ E): coastal Dalmatian city near Split, taken by Rome
78/77 BCE, and established as a colonia ca 45 BCE; after 9 CE became provincial capital of
Dalmatia and the center of the Romano-Dalmatian road network. Walls repaired 170 CE; a
Christian center from the 2nd c. CE. In 305 CE Diocletian retired to a villa on the coast just
a few miles away, and Salona became prosperous; a Christian bishopric from ca 350 CE.
Under Ostrogoths in the 5th c.; reconquered by Justinian 537 CE. PECS 799, M. Zaninovic ́;
ODB 1832, A. Kazhdan; OCD3 1350, J.J. Wilkes; BAGRW 20-D6; NP 10.1264–1265,
U. Fellmeth.
P.
Samaria (mod. Sebastiya; 32 ̊ 17 ’ N, 35 ̊ 12 ’ E): ancient capital of the region Samaria, north
of Jerusalem and south-west of Gerasa; taken by Alexander of Macedon 332 BCE;
destroyed by the Jewish king Hyrcanus in 108 BCE; under Rome from 63 BCE, and rebuilt
in 57 . A gave the city to King Herod, who renamed it Sebaste ̄; destroyed in
the revolt of 66– 70 CE. PECS 800, A. Negev; OCD3 1350 – 1351, T. Rajak; BAGRW 69-B5;
NP 11.1–2, R. Liwak.
R.
Samos (mod. Samos; 37 ̊ 44 ’ N, 26 ̊ 50 ’ E): large Aegean island, whose ancient capital
Samos was at mod. Pythagorion/Tigani; Ionic Greek from ca 1000 BCE; center of trade
from ca 700 BCE; involved in colonizing Perinthos and Naukratis. Under the Persians
after Polukrate ̄s’ execution 525 BCE; allied with or subjected to Athens in the 5th–4th
centuries BCE (although besieged by Athens 441 – 439 BCE), until taken by Alexander of
Macedon, after which many changes of alliance. Ptolemaic 246– 197 BCE, then after an
attack by Philip V of Macedon under Rhodes; made autonomous by Rome 188 BCE,
but still influenced by Rhodes. Under Rome from 129 BCE as part of the province of Asia;
plundered by Verres ca 80 BCE; made free by A; prosperous in the early empire.
PECS 802 – 803, L. Vlad Borelli; OCD3 1351, D.G.J. Shipley; BAGRW 61-D2; NP 11.17–23,
H. Sonnabend.
A, A, A, A, A, A,
A, D, D, D, E, K, M,
M, N, P, P, P, P,
P, R, T.
Sarde ̄s/Sardeis (mod. Sartmahmut west of Salihli; 38 ̊ 30 ’ N, 28 ̊ 03 ’ E): east inland from
Smurna, ancient city under Greek influence from the 12th c. BCE; capital of Ludia ca
650 – 547 BCE; then Persian until taken by Alexander of Macedon 334 BCE. Taken by
Seleukos I 282 BCE; destroyed and rebuilt by Antiokhos II 213 BCE; then under Pergamon
from ca 180 BCE; under Rome from 133 BCE. Damaged in the earthquake of 17 CE (cf.
Kume ̄, Magnesia on Sipulos, Philadelpheia [Ludia]), and rebuilt. PECS 808 – 810,
J.A. Scott and G.M.A. Hanfmann; OCD3 1356 – 1357, W.M. Calder et al.; BAGRW 56-G5;
NP 11.54–65, H. Kaletsch; EJ2 18.53–54, anon.
E, T, X (?).
Sarnaka (unlocated): perhaps in the Troas, since P 5.126 refers to it as an inland
Musian city; thus probably under Pergamon 227 – 133 BCE. RE 2A.1 (1921) 29,
L. Bürchner.
GAZETTEER