xii Contents
6.2.3 Light...... ............................................................................. 129
6.2.4 Nutrients ............................................................................ 130
6.2.5 Oxygen and CO 2 in the Marine Environment .................... 130
6.2.6 Sea Sediments .................................................................... 130
6.3 Microbial Ecology of the Seas and Oceans ..................................... 130
6.3.1 Bacteria.... .......................................................................... 130
6.3.2 Archae..... ........................................................................... 133
6.3.3 Fungi........ .......................................................................... 133
6.3.4 Algae........ .......................................................................... 133
6.3.5 Protozoa ............................................................................. 135
6.3.6 Viruses......... ...................................................................... 136
6.3.7 Plankton ............................................................................. 136
6.4 Unique Aspects of the Existence of Microorganisms
in the Marine Environment .............................................................. 137
6.4.1 Low Temperature ............................................................... 137
6.4.2 High Pressure ..................................................................... 138
6.4.3 Oxygen ............................................................................... 138
6.4.4 Food/Nutrients ................................................................... 138
6.4.5 Light ................................................................................... 138
6.4.6 High Temperature .............................................................. 139
6.4.7 Size in Marine Microorganisms ......................................... 139
6.5 The Place of Microorganisms in the Food Chains
of the Oceans and Seas .................................................................... 139
6.6 Marine Microorganisms and Their Influence on Global Climate
and Global Nutrient Recycling ........................................................ 141
6.6.1 The Influence of Marine Microorganisms
on Global Climate and Global Nutrient Recycling ............ 141
6.6.1.1 Global Marine Algal Sulfur Recycling,
Dimethylsulfoniopropionate, Dimethyl Sulfide
and Climate Change.............................................. 142
6.6.1.2 Carbon Recycling by Marine Algae and
Reduction of Global Warming ............................ 144
6.6.1.3 Marine Microorganisms and the Nitrogen
Economy of Seas and Oceans ............................. 145
6.6.1.4 The Global C:N:P Marine Ratio and
Its Maintenance Through Microbial Activity:
The Redfield Ratio...................... ........................ 147
References ................................................................................................... 148
Part IV Pollution and Purification of, and Disease
Transmission in, Water
7 Pollution of Aquatic Systems: Pollution Through Eutrophication,
Fecal Materials, and Oil Spills ................................................................. 151
7.1 Nature of Pollution .......................................................................... 151
7.1.1 The Concept of the Self-purification of Water
as Basis for the Understanding of Pollution ...................... 152
7.1.2 Definition of Pollution ....................................................... 153
7.1.3 Kinds of Pollutants ............................................................ 154