Contents xiii
7.1.4 Pollution by Eutrophication ............................................... 154
7.1.4.1 “Algal Blooms” and Eutrophication ................... 155
7.1.5 Biological Indicators of Pollution by Eutrophication ........ 156
7.2 Pollution of Water with Reference to Human Health:
Bacterial Indicators of Fecal Pollution ............................................ 157
7.2.1 Microbiological Examination of Water
for Fecal Contamination .................................................... 157
7.2.1.1 Principle of Indicator Organisms ........................ 158
7.2.1.2 Procedure for the Determination
of Fecal Contamination........... ............................ 159
7.2.1.3 Methods Used in the Enumeration
of Indicator Organisms in Water ......................... 160
7.2.1.4 Standard Water Analysis ..................................... 165
7.2.1.5 Total Maximum Daily Loads and
Microbial Source Tracking in
Water Pollution............................... .................... 165
7.3 Pollution by Petroleum in Oceans and Seas: Role
of Microorganisms in Oil Degradation and Remediation .................. 173
7.3.1 Composition of Crude Oil ................................................. 173
7.3.1.1 Categorization of Crude Petroleum .................... 173
7.3.2 Oil Spills ............................................................................ 177
7.3.2.1 Behavior of Oil in an Oil Spill ............................ 178
7.3.2.2 Remediation of Oil Spills ................................... 183
References ................................................................................................... 186
8 Disease Transmission in Water ................................................................ 189
8.1 Disease Transmission Through Drinking Water .............................. 189
8.1.1 Communicable Diseases Transmitted
Through Drinking Water .................................................... 190
8.1.2 Disease Outbreaks in Drinking Water Due
to the Presence of Chemicals, and Biotoxins ..................... 193
8.1.2.1 Brief Notes on Some Water-Borne Diseases ...... 193
8.2 Disease Transmission in Recreational Waters ................................. 200
8.2.1 Disease Transmission in Recreational Waters
Through Fecal Material ..................................................... 201
8.2.1.1 Fecal Bacteria Which Have Caused Disease
Outbreaks in Recreational Waters ....................... 201
8.2.1.2 Fecal Protozoa Which Have Caused Disease
Outbreaks in Recreational Waters ....................... 201
8.2.1.3 Fecal Viruses Which Have Caused Disease
Outbreaks in Recreational Waters ....................... 202
8.2.2 Disease Transmission in Recreational Water
Through Non-fecal Material .............................................. 202
8.2.2.1 Disease Transmission by Bacteria in
Recreational Water Through Non-fecal
Material ............................................................... 202
8.2.2.2 Disease Transmission by Viruses
in Recreational Water Through
Non-fecal Material................ .............................. 206