11.2.1 The Stockholm Conference, 1972: Beginning
- Environments 2.2 Ecological Habitats of Microorganisms in Aquatic- 2.3 Foreign Versus Indigenous Aquatic Bacteria
- Population in Natural Waters 2.4 Challenges of Aquatic Life: Factors Affecting the Microbial
- Environment 2.5 Methods for the Enumeration of Microorganisms in the Aquatic
- 2.5.1 Cultural Methods
- 2.5.2 Direct Methods
- 2.5.2.1 Light Microscopy
- 2.5.2.2 Electron Microscopy
- 2.5.2.3 Flow Cytometry
- 2.5.3 Determination of Bacterial Mass
- 2.5.3.1 Direct Methods
- 2.5.3.2 Indirect Methods......................................................
- References
- of Relevance to the Aquatic Environment 3 Aspects of the Molecular Biology of Microorganisms
- 3.1 Protein Synthesis
- 3.1.1 Transcription
- 3.1.2 Translation
- 3.2 The Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Biotechnology 3.2.1 Some Applications of PCR in Environmental
- 3.3 Microarrays
- 3.3.1 Applications of Microarray Technology
- 3.4 Sequencing of DNA
- 3.4.1 Sequencing of Short DNA Fragments
- 3.4.2 Sequencing of Genomes or Large DNA Fragments
- 3.4.2.1 Use of Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes
- 3.4.2.2 Use of the Shotgun Approach
- 3.5 The Open Reading Frame and the Identification of Genes
- 3.6 Metagenomics
- References
- 4 Taxonomy, Physiology, and Ecology of Aquatic Microorganisms
- 4.1 Taxonomy of Microorganisms in Aquatic Environments
- 4.1.1 Nature of Modern Taxonomy
- 4.1.2 Evolution of the Classification of Living Things
- 4.1.3 Determining Taxonomic Groups Within Domains
- 4.1.3.1 Definition of Species
- 4.1.3.2 Nomenclature of Biological Objects
- Nucleic Acid, and Chemical Properties................ Morphological, Physiological,
- 4.1.4 Bacteria Contents xi
- 4.1.4.1 Taxonomic Groups Among Bacteria
- in the Aquatic Environment Ecology of Microorganisms
- 4.1.5 Archae
- 4.1.5.1 General Properties of Archaea
- 4.1.5.2 Taxonomic Groups Among Archeae
- 4.1.6 Microbial Taxonomic Groups Among Eucharia
- 4.1.6.1 Protozoa
- 4.1.6.2 Fungi
- 4.1.6.3 Algae
- 4.1.7 Viruses
- 4.1.7.1 Viral Taxonomy and Nomenclature
- 4.1.7.2 The Viral Groups
- 4.1.7.3 Bacteriophages in the Aquatic Environment
- in Aquatic Systems 4.1.8 Small Multicellular Macroorganisms
- 4.1.8.1 Crustaceans (Including Rotifers)
- 4.1.8.2 Nematodes
- References
- 5 Ecology of Microorganisms in Freshwater Part III The Ecology of Microorganisms in Natural Waters
- 5.1 Microbial Ecology of Atmospheric Waters
- 5.2 Microbial Ecology of Surface Waters
- 5.2.1 Rivers and Streams
- 5.2.2 Lakes and Ponds
- 5.2.3 Wetlands
- 5.3 Ground Waters
- 5.4 Some Microorganisms Usually Encountered in Fresh Water
- 5.4.1 Bacteria
- 5.4.1.1 New Data Regarding Freshwater Bacteria
- 5.4.1.2 Some Bacteria in Freshwater
- 5.4.2 Fungi
- 5.4.3 Algae
- 5.4.4 Protozoa
- Materials Added to Aquatic Systems 5.5 Succession of Organisms in the Breakdown
- Microbial Ecology 5.5.1 The Physiological Basis of Aquatic
- Materials Added to Aquatic Systems 5.5 Succession of Organisms in the Breakdown
- 5.6 Microbial Loop and the Food Web in a Freshwater System
- References
- 6 Ecology of Microorganisms in Saline Waters (Seas and Oceans)
- 6.1 The Ocean Environment
- 6.2 Some Properties of Sea Water
- 6.2.1 Salinity
- 6.2.2 Temperature
- 9.3.14 Miscellaneous Treatments Water Purification
- 9.3.14.1 Plumbosolvency Removal.................................
- 9.3.14.2 Radium (Radioactivity) Removal
- 9.3.14.3 Reverse Osmosis
- 9.3.14.4 Ion Exchange
- 9.3.14.5 Electrodeionization
- 9.4 Purification of Bottled Water
- 9.5 Standards Required of Water
- 9.5.1 Standards Required for Drinking Water
- 9.5.1.1 The Microbiological Standards
- 9.5.1.2 Turbidity
- 9.5.1.3 Chemical Standards
- 9.5.2 Standards Required for Recreational Waters
- Harvesting Waters 9.5.3 Standards Required for Shellfish
- References
- 10 Waste Disposal in the Aqueous Medium: Sewage Disposal Part V Waste Disposal in Aquatic and Solid Media
- 10.1 Nature of Wastes
- in Sewage and Wastewaters 10.2 Methods for the Determination of Organic Matter Content
- 10.2.1 Determination of Dissolved Oxygen
- Demand Test............................ 10.2.1.1 The Biological or Biochemical Oxygen
- 10.2.1.2 Permanganate Value Test
- 10.2.1.3 Chemical Oxygen Demand
- 10.2.1.4 Total Organic Carbon
- 10.2.1.5 Total Suspended Solids
- 10.2.1.6 Volatile Suspended Solids
- 10.3 Systems for the Treatment of Sewage..............................................
- 10.3.1 Aerobic Breakdown of Raw Waste Waters
- 10.3.1.1 The Activated Sludge System
- 10.3.1.2 The Trickling Filter...........................................
- 10.3.1.3 Rotating Discs
- 10.3.1.4 Oxidation Ponds
- 10.3.2 Anaerobic Sewage Systems
- Anaerobic Breakdown of Sludge Aerobic Sewage Treatment Systems:
- 10.3.2.2 The Septic Tank
- 10.3.2.3 The Imhoff Tank
- 10.3.2.4 Cesspools
- 10.4 Advanced Wastewater Treatment.....................................................
- 10.4.1 Methods Used in Advanced Wastewater Treatment
- References
- 11 The Disposal of Municipal Solid Wastes xvi Contents
- 11.1 The Nature of Wastes in General
- 11.2 The World-Wide Development of Interest in the Environment
- of the Environment of World-Wide Interest in the Protection
- 11.2.2 Environmental Regulation in the European Union
- 11.2.3 Environmental Regulations in Japan
- 11.2.4 Governmental Regulation of the Environment in Ghana
- 11.2.5 Egypt’s Environmental Affairs Agency
- 11.3 Nature of Municipal Solid Wastes
- 11.3.1 Integrated Solid Waste Management
- 11.3.1.1 Source Reduction
- 11.3.1.2 Recycling
- 11.3.1.3 Incineration with Energy Recovery
- 11.3.1.4 Composting
- 11.3.1.5 Landfills Used in the Disposal of MSW
- (and Aquatic Sediments) 11.4 Anaerobic Breakdown of Organic Matter in Landfills
- 11.4.1 Some Properties of Methanogens
- 11.4.2 Landfill Gas
- 11.4.2.1 Landfill Methane Capture Technology
- 11.5 Options for Municipal Solid Wastes Management
- References
- Index