7.3 Pollution by Petroleum in Oceans and Seas: Role of Microorganisms in Oil Degradation and Remediation 181
Table 7.11 (continued)
S. No. Dates
Vessel name or name
of spill or cause of spill Location Spill size (t)- March 24, 1989 Exxon Valdez Prince William Sound, Alaska, USA 104,000
- November 10, 1988 Odyssey off Nova Scotia, Canada, 132,000
- January 2, 1988 Ashland oil spill Floreffe, Pennsylvania, USA 10,000
- December 6, 1985 Nova Gulf of Iran, Kharg Island, Iran 70,000
- September 28, 1985 Grand Eagle Delaware River, Pennsylvania, USA 1,400
- August 6, 1983 Castillo de Bellver Saldanha Bay, South Africa 252,000
- February 4, 1983 Nowruz Field Platform Persian Gulf, Iran 260,000
- March 7, 1980 Tanio Brittany, France 13,500
- February 23, 1980 Irenes Serenade Pylos, Greece 100,000
84. November 15, 1979 MT Independenţa Bosphorus, Turkey 95,000
85. November 1, 1979 Burmah Agate Galveston Bay, Texas, USA 8,440
86. July 19, 1979 Atlantic Empress/Aegean
Captain
Trinidad and Tobago 287,000- June 3, 1979 Ixtoc I oil spill Bay of Campeche, Mexico, 480,000
- January 8, 1979 Betelgeuse Bantry Bay, Ireland 64,000
- March 16, 1978 Amoco Cadiz Brittany, France 227,000
- February 15, 1978 Trans-Alaska Pipeline Alaska, USA 2,162
- April 22, 1977 Ekofisk oil field North Sea, Norway 27,600
- February 26, 1977 Hawaiian Patriot Honolulu, Hawaii 95,000
- February 7, 1977 Borag Northern coast, Taiwan 34,000
- December 15, 1976 Argo Merchant Nantucket Island, Massachusetts,
USA
28,000- May 12, 1976 Urquiola A Coruña, Spain 100,000
- January 31, 1975 Corinthos Delaware River, Pennsylvania, USA 35,700
- January 29, 1975 Jakob Maersk Oporto, Portugal 88,000
- August 9, 1974 VLCC Metula Strait of Magellan, Chile 51,000
- December 19, 1972 Sea Star Gulf of Oman, Iran 115,000
- January 17, 1971 Arizona Standard/Oregon
Standard collision
San Francisco Bay, USA 2,700- March 20, 1970 Othello Trälhavet Bay, Sweden 60,000
- January 28, 1969 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill Santa Barbara, California, USA 14,000
- March 18, 1967 Torrey Canyon Isles of Scilly, UK 119,000
- December 30, 1958 African Queen oil spill Ocean City, Maryland, USA 21,000
- 1950s–1994 Guadalupe Oil Field Guadalupe, California, USA 29,000
- 1940s–1950s Greenpoint,
Brooklyn oil spill
Newtown Creek, New York, USA 97,400- March 6, 1937 SS Frank H. Buck/
SS President Coolidge
collision
San Francisco Bay, California, USA 8,870- March 14,
1910–September
10, 1911
Lakeview Gusher Kern County, California, USA 1,230,000emulsions contain from 30% to 80% water. The
emulsions usually occur after strong storms in the
zones of spills of heavy oils with an increased con-
tent of nonvolatile fractions, especially asphaltenes.
They can exist in the marine environment for over100 days in the form of peculiar “chocolate
mousses.” The stability of these emulsions usually
increases with decreasing temperature. The reverse
emulsions, such as oil-in-water, droplets of oil sus-
pended in water, are much less stable because