The Economist January 8th 2022 39
Middle East & AfricaAfricaneconomiesWhen you are in a hole...
KOIDU
How to reduce the continent’s reliance on commoditiesI
n eastern sierra leone six shoeless
men thwack shovels into a bank of red
dish earth and heave the dirt into a stag
nant pond. They hope to find diamonds.
Even if they do, they will not strike it rich.
The men are paid about $0.90 a day by a
backer who bought the licence to mine and
who keeps 70% of anything they find. The
remainder adds up, on average, to about
$135 a year each, says one. Ibrahim, a 25
yearold wearing a sodden sock to protect
his foot from the metal shovel, is a third
generation miner. He does not earn
enough to send his children to school. “If I
cannot support my children to be educat
ed, how can I be sure they will not come
here, too?” he asks.
Like Ibrahim’s family, many African
economies have relied too much on raw
materials for too long. The undefines a
country as dependent on commodities if
they are more than threefifths of its phys
ical exports. Fully 83% of African countries
meet that threshold, up from 77% a decade
ago. Some depend on produce such as tea,
but most rely on mining or on pumpingoil. When commodities crashed in 2015,
foreign direct investment (fdi) and growth
tumbled and have yet to fully recover.
Broad averages obscure some of the
progress that has been made to diversify
economies. Over the past decade resources
have become less important to gdp. The
share of commodities in goods exports
from the continent as a whole has fallen,
too. And in countries such as Botswana
and Malawi, services have grown strongly.
Even manufacturing is rebounding.
Yet Africa has a long way to go if it is to
break free of the resource curse. In coun
tries rich in diamonds or oil, political pow
er can be a licence to loot. So unscrupulous
folk are tempted to grab and hang on to itby any means available. Resourcerich
countries are more likely to suffer dictator
ships, and also tend to have more and lon
ger civil wars. In Sierra Leone, for example,
diamonds fuelled a bloody conflict that
dragged on for 11 years.
Commodity prices leap and fall, leading
to booms and busts. In Sierra Leone the
normally sober imf, excited by two new
ironore mines and high prices, forecast
growth of 51% for 2012. That spurred the
government to splash out. But gdpthat
year grew by 15%. In 2014 ironore prices
plunged and the mines closed. The econ
omy, which was also hit by Ebola, shrank
by 20% in 2015. “When the mine stops, it’s
bad for business,” says Idrissa, who sells
bags in Lunsar, a mining town.
Oil and minerals create few jobs. At a
gold mine in Sierra Leone the Chinese
manager’s six ducks watch as a solitary red
lorry dumps rubble. The avian observers
outnumber the workers on duty. Across
this country of 8m people, about 8,000
work in commercial mines. Cash crops
create more jobs, but, without processing,
do relatively little to improve productivity
(which is needed to make a country rich).
Worse still, commodities exports can
often hold back the rest of the economy by
pushing the exchange rate up and making
other exports uncompetitive. Every extra
dollar in foreign currency earned from ex
porting resources reduces nonresource
exports by $0.74, reckon Torfinn Harding
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