58 Business The Economist January 8th 2022
I
n an episodeof “Seinfeld”, a vintage
tvsitcom, the character of George
Costanza reveals the secret of pretending
to work: act irritated. He shakes his head,
frowns and sighs to demonstrate the
technique. “When you look annoyed all
the time, people think that you’re busy.”
In comments posted below this clip on
YouTube, visitors report with delight that
the tactic really does work and offer a few
tips of their own: walk around the office
carrying manila envelopes, advises one.
Before the pandemic turned everyone
into remote employees, managers wor
ried that working from home would be a
paradise for slackers like George. People
would be out of sight and out of mind:
starting late, clocking off early and doing
nothing in between. The reality of re
mote working has turned out to be differ
ent. Days have become longer and em
ployees are demonstratively visible.
Work has become more performative.
The simple act of logging on is now
public. Green dots by your name on
messaging channels are the virtual
equivalents of jackets left on chairs and
monitors turned on. Calendars are now
frequently shared: empty ones look lazy;
full ones appear virtuous.
Communication is more likely to
happen on open messaging channels,
where everyone can see who is contrib
uting and who is not. Emails can be
performative, too—scheduled for the
early morning or the weekend, or the
early morning on the weekend, to convey
Stakhanovite effort. Repeated noises like
Slack’s knockbrush provide a sound
track of busyness.
Meetings, the office’s answer to the
theatre, have proliferated. They are hard
er to avoid now that invitations must be
responded to and diaries are public. Even
if you don’t say anything, cameras makemeetings into a miming performance: an
attentive expression and occasional nod
ding now count as a form of work. The
chat function is a new way to project
yourself. Satya Nadella, the boss of Micro
soft, says that comments in chat help him
to meet colleagues he would not otherwise
hear from. Maybe so, but that is an irre
sistible incentive to pose questions that
do not need answering and offer observa
tions that are not worth making.
Shared documents and messaging
channels are also playgrounds of perfor
mativity. Colleagues can leave public
comments in documents, and in the pro
cess notify their authors that something
approximating work has been done. They
can start new channels and invite anyone
in; when no one uses them, they can
archive them again and appear efficient.
By assigning tasks to people or tagging
them in a conversation, they can cast long
shadows of fauxindustriousness. It is
telling that one recent research study
found that members of highperforming
teams are more likely to speak to each
other on the phone, the very opposite ofpublic communication.
Performative celebration is another
hallmark of the pandemic. Once one
person has reacted to a message with a
clapping emoji, others are likely to join
in until a virtual ovation is under way. At
least emojis are fun. The arrival of a
roundrobin email announcing a promo
tion is as welcome as a rifle shot in an
avalanche zone. Someone responds with
congratulations, and then another recip
ient adds their own well wishes. As more
people pile in, pressure builds on the
nonresponders to reply as well. Within
minutes colleagues are telling someone
they have never met in person how richly
they deserve their new job.
Theatre has always been an important
part of the workplace. Open communica
tion is a prerequisite of successful re
mote working. But the prevalence of
performative work is bad news—not just
for the George Costanzas of the world,
who can no longer truly tune out, but
also for employees who have to catch up
on actual tasks once the show is over. By
extension it is also bad for productivity.
Why, then, does it persist?
One answer lies in the natural desire
of employees to demonstrate how hard
they are working, like bowerbirds with a
keyboard. Another lies in managers’
need to see what everyone is up to. And a
third is hinted at in recent research, from
academics at two French business
schools, which found that whitecollar
professionals are drawn to a level of
“optimal busyness”, which neither over
whelms them nor leaves them with
much time to think. Rushing from meet
ing to meeting, triaging emails and
hitting a succession of small deadlines
can deliver a buzz, even if nothing much
is actually being achieved. The perfor
mance is what counts. It’s not what you do. It’s how ostentatiously you do itBartlebyOffice theatrics
ing with angry customers and enforcing
health mandates have added to the burden.
Work in restaurants and hotels can be
physically taxing, poorly paid and unpre
dictable. Unlike whitecollar workers, who
suffer from needing to be constantly avail
able, service workers burn out as a result of
uncertain schedules and a lack of control
over time, says Ashley Whillans of Harvard
Business School. Ian Cook of Visier, a
humanresourcesanalytics firm, says that
time off during lockdowns gave employees
an opportunity to reflect on their relation
ship with “fragile and meagrely paid work”. Firms have scrambled to respond. Many
food and accommodation businesses have
raised wages—by an average of 8.1% year
on year in the third quarter, the highest in
crease on record. That may not be enough.
In one poll of hospitality workers, over half
said higher pay will not lure them back by
itself. Large retailers such as Amazon and
Target, which require many of the similar
skills, are poaching hospitality staff by of
fering noncash perks like subsidised col
lege education, parental leave and career
advancement. Most restaurants cannot af
ford to match such offers. Daniel Zhao, an economist at Glass
door, foresees a permanent reduction to
the hospitality workforce. “High turnover
tends to be contagious,” he says, and early
resignations can start a vicious cycle. As
some workers quit, those who remain
must pick up the slack, leading to more
stress. This in turn provokes more exits,
and so on. Add an ageing population, with
dwindling numbers of young people pre
pared to toil in kitchens or sweep hotel cor
ridors, and hospitality businesses may be
contending withbluecollar burnout for
years to come.n