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several smaller predators (e.g. striped skunk, gray fox, feral cats) that in turn have reduced the diversity of scrub-breeding b ...
may be traced only as far as the herbivores and plants, or through other indirect links to more distant herbivores, detritivores ...
conservation threat to a species, particularly due to predation, depends on the ecosystem in which it is found. A species may no ...
Evidence for multiple states in nature is extremely sparse. Forest insects may be held at low density by warblers but can erupt ...
parasites), bottom-up processes must regulate all populations. Regulation through resources must be the basic rule, and it clear ...
In some systems there is a high diversity of herbivores and carnivores. Nearly all are associated with tropical ecosystems. Whet ...
very high nutrient turnover rates due to the large herds of ungulates grazing them in the wet season and the plethora of dung be ...
fruiting plants are fed upon by birds (Levey 1990). Temperate conifer forests experi- ence fire at frequencies of 50 –200 years, ...
southern Africa is so flat that even minor tectonic shifts can change the direction of river flows (Cooke 1980; Shaw 1985). The ...
ecosystem is considered. Thus, in North America the brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater) is a nest parasite of many small passe ...
and replacement has been repeated many times in the Pliocene and Pleistocene and probably earlier, whilst the tropics have been ...
This allows us to differentiate between the separate aspects of species (habitat breadth through beta diversity, and the regiona ...
island. Thus, for islands of equal size the expected number of species for distant islands, Sfar, should be lower than that for ...
The process of faunal relaxation has important consequences for conservation. Protected areas (national parks and other reserves ...
to occur because of dominance and keystone effects. Thus, if we lose species from a system, initially we are unlikely to see muc ...
Disturbed systems provide evidence for the function of biota in creating resilience to disturbance. Thus, intact eucalypt forest ...
6 Slow change can become an irreversible rapid shift into a new state. Thus, man- agement needs to consider that the ecosystem c ...
Appendices 385 WECD01 08/17/2005 04:54PM Page 385 ...
386 APPENDICES Appendix 1 Cumulative F distribution. The body of the table contains critical values of F for both “one-sided” an ...
APPENDICES 387 9 0.10 3.36 3.01 2.81 2.69 2.61 2.55 2.51 2.47 2.44 2.42 2.38 2.34 2.30 2.25 2.21 2.16 0.20 0.05 5.12 4.26 3.86 3 ...
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