(b) other species which must be subject to regulation in order that trade in speci-
mens of certain species referred to in the above sub-paragraph may be brought
under effective control.
3 Appendix III shall include all species, which any Party identifies as being subject
to regulation within its jurisdiction for the purposes of preventing or restricting exploita-
tion, and as needing the cooperation of other parties in the control of trade.
4 The Parties shall not allow trade in specimens of species included in Appendices
I, II, and III, except in accordance with the provisions of the present Convention.
Table 18.2 gives the number of species covered by Appendices I and II of CITES as
of 2004.Extinctions can be driven by a permanent change to a species’ environment (e.g. a
new predator, disease or competitor, or modification of its habitat) or can result from
stochastic events. Driven extinctions are the most common. Stochastic extinctions
are the chance fate of small populations: factors that would be swamped in a large
population can have serious consequences for the individuals of a small population.
The critical step in averting extinction is to follow the logical pathway of hypo-
thesis testing to diagnose the cause of the decline. A species can seldom be rescued
until the factors driving the decline are identified and removed. Rescue and recov-
ery operations are standard wildlife management practices (e.g. regulation of harvest,
predator control) but sometimes more elaborate steps such as captive breeding and
translocations are called for. Reserves or national parks and community conserva-
tion all play a key role in the nurturing and recovery of endangered species.334 Chapter 18
Appendix I (endangered) Appendix II (threatened)Mammals 228 spp. +21 sspp. +13 pops 369 spp. +34 sspp. +14 pops
Birds 146 spp. +19 sspp. +2 pops 1401 spp. +8 sspp. +1 pop.
Reptiles 67 spp. +3 sspp. +4 pops 508 spp. +3 sspp. +4 pops
Amphibians 16 spp. 90 spp.
Fish 9 spp. 68 spp.
Invertebrates 63 spp. +5 sspp. 2030 spp. +1 sspp.
Plants 298 spp. +4 sspp. 28,074 spp. +3 sspp. +6 pops
Total 827 spp. +52 sspp. +19 pops 32,540 spp +49 sspp. +25 popsspp., species; sspp., subspecies; pops, populations.Table 18.2Number
of species covered by
Appendices I and II
of the Convention on
International Trade in
Endangered Species of
Wild Fauna and Flora
(CITES) as at 2004.
This can be updated at
http://www.cites.org/
eng/disc/species.shtml.
Roughly 5000 species
of animals and 28,000
species of plants are
protected by CITES
against overexploitation
through international
trade.