REFERENCES 425
Kruuk, H., Conroy, J.W.H. & Moorhouse, A. 1987. Seasonal reproduction, mortality and
food of otters (Lutra lutra L.) in Shetland. Symposium of the Zoological Society of London
58:263 –278.
Laake, J.L., Buckland, S.T., Anderson, D.R. & Burnham, K.P. 1993. DISTANCEUser’s Guide. Colorado
Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO.
Laake, J.L., Calambokdis, J., Osmek, S.D. & Rugh, D.J. 1997. Probability of detecting harbor
porpoise from aerial surveys: estimating g(0). Journal of Wildlife Management61:63 –75.
Laca, E.A., Distel, R.A., Griggs, T.C., Deo, G. & Demment, M.W. 1993. Field test of optimal
foraging with cattle: the marginal value theorem successfully predicts patch selection and
utilisation. In:Proceedings of the 17th International Grassland Congress, New Zealand, pp. 709–
710.
Lack, D. 1971. Ecological Isolation in Birds. Blackwell, Oxford.
Lafferty, K.D. & Morris, K. 1996. Altered behaviour of parasitized killifish increases suscepti-
bility to predation by bird final hosts. Ecology77:1390 –1397.
Laikre, L. & Ryman, N. 1991. Inbreeding depression in a captive wolf (Canis lupus) popula-
tion. Conservation Biology 5:33 – 40.
Lamberson, R.H., McKelvey, R., Noon, B.R. & Voss, C. 1992. A dynamic analysis of northern
spotted owl viability in a fragmented forest landscape. Conservation Biology6:505 –512.
Lamberson, R.H., Noon, B.R., Voss, C. & McKelvey, K.S. 1994. Reserve design for territorial
species: the effects of patch size and spacing on the viability of the northern spotted owl.
Conservation Biology8:185 –195.
Lamprey, H.F. 1963. Ecological separation of the large mammal species in the Tarangire game
reserve, Tanganyika. East African Wildlife Journal1:63 –92.
Lande, R. 1987. Extinction thresholds in demographic models of territorial populations.
American Naturalist130:624 – 635.
Lande, R. 1988. Demographic models of the northern spotted owl (Strix occidentalis caurina).
Oecologia75:601– 607.
Lande, R. 1993. Risks of population extinction from demographic and environmental stochas-
ticity and random catastrophes. American Naturalist142:911–927.
Lande, R., Engen, S. & Sæther, B. 1994. Optimal harvesting, economic discounting, and extinc-
tion risk in fluctuating populations. Nature373:88 – 90.
Lande, R., Engen, S. & Sæther, B. 1997. Threshold harvesting for sustainability of fluctuating
resources. Ecology78:1341–1350.
Lande, R., Sæther, B., Filli, F., Matthysen, E. & Weimerskirch, H. 2002. Estimating density
dependence from population time series using demographic theory and life-history data.
American Naturalist159:321–337.
Landsberg, J. 1988. Dieback of rural eucalypts: tree phenology and damage caused by leaf-
feeding insects. Australian Journal of Ecology 13:251–267.
Landweber, L.F. 1999. Something old for something new: the future of ancient DNA in con-
servation. In: Landweber, L.F. & Dobson, A.P., eds. Genetics and the Extinction of Species,
pp. 163–187. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
Langvatn, R. & Hanley, T.A. 1993. Feeding-patch choice by red deer in relation to foraging
efficiency. Oecologia95:164 –170.
La Polla, V.N. & Barrett, B.W. 1993. Effects of corridor width and presence on the population
dynamics of the meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus). Landscape Ecology8:25 –37.
Larter, N.C., Sinclair, A.R.E., Ellsworth, T., Nishi, J. & Gates, C.C. 2000. Dynamics of rein-
troduction in an indigenous large ungulate: the wood bison of northern Canada. Animal
Conservation3:299 –309.
Laurance, W.F. & Cochrane, M.A. 2001. Synergistic effects in fragmented landscapes.
Conservation Biology15:1488 –1489.
Laurance, W.F., Lovejoy, T.E., Vasconcelos, H.L., et al. 2002. Ecosystem decay of Amazonian
forest fragments: a 22-year investigation. Conservation Biology16:605 – 618.WECD03 08/17/2005 04:55PM Page 425