marched on Rome in 49 B.C., precipitating a civil war against forces loyal to
POMPEY and the Senate. After the defeat of the Republican forces at the
battle of Pharsalia and the murder of Pompey he was made dictator for life,
but assassinated in 44 B.C. (3.3, 8.3)AESO: Unknown, though obviously a figure from Republican history. (4.33)
AMILLUS: Marcus Furius Camillus, the (perhaps mythical) fourth-century B.C.
general who saved Rome when it was under attack by invading Gauls. (4.33)
ATO (1): Marcus Porcius Cato “the Elder,” consul and censor in the second
century B.C.; author of a surviving work on agriculture and a lost history. He
was an emblem of Roman moral rectitude and rough virtue. (4.33)
ATO (2): Marcus Porcius Cato “the Younger” (95–46 B.C.), great-grandson of
Cato (1), a senator and well-known Stoic in the late Republic. He fought on
the Republican side against Julius CAESAR and committed suicide after the
battle of Thapsus. He was immortalized in the poet Lucan’s epic The Civil
War, and became an emblem of Stoic resistance to tyranny. (1.14)
ATULUS: Cinna Catulus is named, along with MAXIMUS, as a Stoic mentor of
Marcus’s by the Historia Augusta, but nothing else is known of him. (1.13)
ECROPS: Legendary founder of Athens. (4.23)
ELER: Rhetorician who taught both Marcus and Lucius VERUS. (8.25)
HABRIAS: Evidently an associate of HADRIAN (2), like DIOTIMUS, but not
otherwise known. (8.37)
HARAX: Perhaps Charax of Pergamum, a historian known from other sources
to have been active in the second or third century. (8.25)
HRYSIPPUS: Stoic philosopher (280–207 B.C.), succeeded Zeno and Cleanthes
as leader of the school. His writings laid out the fundamental doctrines of
early Stoicism. (6.42, 7.19)