are the works of Seneca the Younger and Epictetus. The best
introduction to Seneca is probably the Letters to Lucilius, of
which a selection is available in Letters from a Stoic, trans.
R. Campbell (New York: Penguin, 1969). Epictetus’s
Discourses and the Encheiridion are available in the Loeb
series in a translation by W. A. Oldfather (2 volumes, 1925).
T h e Encheiridion has also been translated by T. W.
Higginson (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1955).
For the Meditations itself the indispensable resource
(though long out of print and difficult to obtain) is A.S.L.
Farquharson’s The Meditations of the Emperor Marcus
Antoninus, 2 vols. (Oxford, Eng.: Oxford University Press,
1944). I have derived benefit from a number of earlier
English translations, notably those of Farquharson (recently
reprinted with a new introduction by R. B. Rutherford);
George Long (1862); C. R. Haines (Loeb, 1916); G.M.A.
Grube (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1963) and Maxwell
Staniforth (New York: Penguin, 1964), as well as from W.
Theiler’s German translation (Zurich: Artemis, 1951) and the
French edition of Book 1 by Pierre Hadot (Paris: Les Belles
Lettres, 1998). The best modern edition of the Greek text is
that by J. Dalfen (2d ed., B. G. Teubner, 1987), though in
vexed passages I have sometimes preferred different
readings.
Among scholarly studies of the Meditations, three in
particular deserve mention. P. A. Brunt, “Marcus Aurelius in