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materials. Other signifi cant institutional holdings of
Bayard’s work include The George Eastman House,
Rochester, The J.Paul Getty Museum, Malibu; Harry
Ransom Humanties Research Center, Austin; The Art
Institute of Chicago.
Sarah Kennel
Biography
Hippolyte Bayard was born January 20, 1801, in Breteuil
sur Noye, in the Oise district of France. Son of a justice
of the peace, Bayard worked as a notary before moving
to Paris in the late 1820s, where he was employed by
the Ministry of Finance. Bayard began to experiment
with photographic chemistry in January 1839; by March
1839 had invented a process for making direct positives
on paper. Over the next three decades, he made portraits,
landscapes, still lifes, and architectural images using a
variety of processes, including daguerreotype, paper
negative, albumen, and wet plate collodion. A found-
ing member of the Sociéte Héliographique (1851) and
the Société Française de Photographie (1854), Bayard
opened a commercial studio in 1855 at 14, Port-Mahon.
In 1861, he and Bertall opened a commercial portrait
studio that specialized in cartes de visites. He exhibited
at the Société Française de Photographie (1855, 1857,
1863–65), and won medals at the Paris Industry exhi-
bition in 1849, the London Crystal Palace exhibition
(1851), and the London Universal Exhibition (1862).
He died in Nemours, France, on May 14, 1887.
See Also: Arago, Francois Jean Dominique;
Blanquart-Evrard, Louis-Désiré; Daguerre, Louis-
Jacques-Mandé; Talbot, William Henry Fox; Wey,
Francis; Mission Héliographique; Positives: minor
processes; and Inventions.
Further Reading
Frizot, Michel, ed. 1839: La Photographie Révélee, Paris: Centre
National de la Photographie, 1989.
Gautrand, Jean-Claude and Michel. Frizot, Hippolyte Bayard:
Naissance de l’image photographique, Amiens: Trois Cail-
loux, 1986.
Jammes, André, Hippolyte Bayard: Ein verkannter Erfi nder und
Meister der Photographie, Lucerne: Bucher, 1975.
Jammes, André and Eugenia Parry Janis, The Art of French Calo-
type, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983.
Keeler, Nancy B. “Cultivating Photography: Hippolyte Bayard
and the Development of a New Art,” (diss). Austin: University
of Texas, 1991.
McCauley, Elizabeth Anne, Industrial Madness: Commercial
Photography in Paris, 1848–187, New Haven and London:
Yale University Press, 1994.
Passafi ume, Tania. “Le positif directe de Hippolyte Bayard
reconstitué,” Etudes Photographiques 12 (November 2002),
98–108.
Poivert, Michel. “Hippolyte Bayard et la préhistoriographique de
la photographie” in Revue de l’Art, 141/3, 2003, 25–30.
Sapir, Michel “The Impossible Photograph: Hippolyte Bayard’s
Self-Portrait as a Drowned Man,” Modern Fiction Studies
40/3, 1994, 619–629.BAYLISS, CHARLES (1850–1897)
English born photographer
Bayliss was born in 1850 in Hadleigh, Suffolk, the son
of Charles Baylis (sic) a sadler and Elizabeth Gardiner.
The family immigrated to Melbourne in 1852 aboard
the Moselle. In 1866, aged 16 Bayliss joined Henry
Beaufoy Merlin in the American & Australian (some-
times Australasian) Photographic Company in 1866,
spending four years touring Victoria and New South
Wales, visiting towns and photographing every dwelling
then offering these for sale to the locals. Merlin set
up a studio in Sydney in 1870 then he and Bayliss
continued there endeavour to visit as many towns as
possible, which included the gold mining towns of Hill
End and Gulgong during 1872. Following Merlin’s
death in 1873, Bayliss returned to Victoria taking
views including a 9 panel 360º panorama of Ballarat
in 1874. Under the patronage of Bernard Hotlermann,
Bayliss made a panorama of Sydney in 1875 and then
from 1876 he is listed with a studio at a succession of
addresses in George St., Sydney. He produced further
panoramas including another of Sydney in 1879 and
these were entered in various exhibitions in America,
Europe and Australia. During March 1880 Bayliss
travelled to Queensland, and took mammoth plate views
around Maryborough. In 1886 Bayliss was appointed
offi cial photographer to the Royal Commission on
Water Conservation and in this capacity photographed
extensively along the Darling River. Bayliss was
one of Australia’s most accomplished landscape
photographers. He died 4 June 1897.
Marcel SafierHoldings
State Library of NSW, Sydney; State Library of Victoria,
Melbourne; National Library of Australia, Canberra; National
Gallery of Australia, Canberra; Maryborough Historical
Society, Qld.BEALS, JESSIE TARBOX (1870–1942)
Canadian-born American photojournalist
One of the fi rst American photojournalists. Beals was a
teacher from the age of 18, whose interest in photogra-
phy was sparked by winning a camera in a competition.
She resigned from teaching after realising she could
make more money as a professional photographer. In
1897 she married Alfred Beals. She selected paying cli-
ents for her portraits, and instructed her husband on how