428
form method for making photographic records, and
so, gradually, the need for consistent administration
of photographs led to guidelines that would result in
measurable comparisons. This is the method that was
employed in criminology starting in the 1870s.
The “mug-shot” became a protocol in the arrest of
criminals from the 1840s, and crime-scene photography
was a mechanical aid, much in the way that medical pho-
tography was employed, for evidentiary purposes, with
confi dence in photograph’s virtuosity in capturing more
than the naked eye. It was Alphonse Bertillon, hired by
the Paris Police Service in 1879, who implemented strict
guidelines for how accused were photographed upon
arrest. “Bertillonage” consisted of an exact proportion,
the profi le, and mounting the image on a card with the
supporting data.
It is not a coincidence that the rapid advances in
the technology of photography were catalyzed by the
great confi dence that the public placed upon it from the
start. It was, after all, an imperative part of the period
of the World Expositions, celebrating how universal
applications of science and technology were bringing
the whole world closer, and photography was acting as
a conduit for that information as well as exemplar of
those ideals.
Deidre Donohue
See also: Itinerant Photography.
Further Reading
Alinder, James (Ed.), Carleton E. Watkins Photographs of the
Columbia River and Oregon, San Francisco: The Friends of
Photograph in Association with Weston Gallery, c. 1979.
Davis, Keith F., Désiré Charnay Expeditionary Photographer, Al-
buquerque: The University of New Mexico Press, c, 1981.
De Thézy, Marie and Roxanne Debuisson, Marville Paris, Paris:
Éditions Hazan, c. 1994.
Earle, Edward (Ed.), Points of View, the Stereograph in America:
A Cultural History, Foreword by Nathan Lyons, Rochester
NY: Visual Studies Workshop, c. 1979.
Edwards, Elizabeth (Ed.), Anthropology and Photography 1860–
1920 , New Haven: Yale University Press in association with
The Royal Anthropological Institute, London, c. 1992.
Fralin, Frances, The Indelible Image: Photographs of War—1846
to the Present, New York: Abrams, c. 1985.
Hamilton, Peter and Roger Hargreaves, The Beautiful and the
Damned: The Creation of Identiy in Nineteenth Century
Photography, London: Lund Humphries in association with
The National Portrait Gallery, c. 2001.
Henisch, Heinz K., The Photographic Experience, 1839–1914:
Images and Attitudes, University Park PA: The Pennsylvania
State University Press, c. 1994.
Naef, Weston J., Era of Exploration: The Rise of Landscape
Photography in the American West, 1860–1885, Buffalo:
Albright-Knox Gallery, 1975.
Rice, Shelley, Parisian Views, Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT
Press, c. 1997.
Rosenblum, Naomi, A World History of Photography, New York:
Abbeville Press, c. 1984.
Sandweiss, Martha (Ed.), Photography in Nineteenth-Century
America, New York: Abrams, c. 1991.
Scharf, Aaron (Compiler), Pioneers of Photography, New York:
Abrams, c. 1975.
Taft, Robert, Photography and the American Scene; A Social
History, 1839–1889, New York: Dover Publications, 1964,
c. 1938.
Thomas, Alan, Time in a Frame, London: Schocken Books, c.
1977.
White, Stephen, John Thompson: Life and Photographs, London:
Thames and Hudson, c. 1985.DODGSON, CHARLES LUTWIDGE
[LEWIS CARROLL] (1832–1898)
British author, mathematician, Oxford don, and
amateur photographer
Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, better known to the world
by his pseudonym as the children’s author, Lewis Car-
roll, was born on 27 January 1832 the eldest son and
third child of Charles and Frances Dodgson. His father
was a gifted man taking a double fi rst in classics and
mathematics at Christ Church, Oxford where he received
a studentship that gave him tenure to remain within this
academic environment for as long as he chose. But when
he married Frances Lutwidge, the college authorities
required he give up the post. At fi rst he became the
perpetual curate of Daresbury, Cheshire, where Charles
was born, before moving to Croft in Yorkshire, which
offered a more comfortable standard of living for his
rapidly expanding family that fi nally numbered eleven
children in all.
As the eldest son it was perhaps inevitable that Dodg-
son would follow the example of his father and from
an early age his education and upbringing was directed
towards that goal. After a brief and formative period at
Richmond School, Dodgson became a pupil at the dis-
tinguished public school in Rugby where gentlemanly
conduct, morality and Christian worship were valued
more than academic attainment. For Dodgson, always
the intellectual, his time at Rugby was deeply unhappy
and it must have been with some sense of relief that he
was accepted (matriculated) into his father’s old college
of Christ Church in 1850 where, in common with most
graduates, it was fully expected, he would train for the
priesthood, take holy orders and join the growing ranks
of the clergymen who devoted their lives to the welfare
(spiritual and otherwise) of others. But religious doubts
and personal anxieties held him back from full ordina-
tion. However, he was ordained as Deacon in 1861,
and this allowed him to conduct church services and
become a Reverend gentleman, a designation that fi t-
ted his personality and outlook at Christ Church which,
for the next thirty-seven years lay at the very heart of
Dodgson’s existence. It was his home and place of work