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Entwicklung und Einfl uss in Deutschland, Introd. By Alfred
Lichtwark, Leipzig: Oscar Brandstetter, 1907.
Philip, Claudia Gabriele, ed., Porträtfotographie in Deutschland,
1850–1918, Hamburg, 1991.
Spörl, Hans, “Internationale Austellung für Photographie und
Graphische Kunst, Mainz 1904,” Photographische Kunst 2
(1903–04): 307–08.
DUMAS, TANCRÉDE (1830–1905)
French photographer
The French-born photographer Tancréde Dumas,
believed to have been of Italian origin, travelled ex-
tensively in Cyprus, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan,
Rhodes and Egypt, and had studios in both Beirut and
Constantinople.
He trained as a banker before taking up photography,
and had a studio in Constantinople before 1865. Cartes
de visite survive bearing the legend T R Dumas et Cie,
photographes de vues et costumes, prés du jardin des
Fleurs, Grande rue Pera 232. By 1866, he had a studio
in Beirut, and by the early 1870s he styled himself as
‘Photographer to the imperial and Royal Court of Prus-
sia’ having accompanied the Grand Duke Mecklenburg-
Schwerin on a voyage to the far east.
His reputation as a photographer is largely based on a
body of work produced in the mid-1870s for the Ameri-
can Palestine Exploration Society (established 1870),
under the guidance of the archaeologist Selah Merrill,
the American-born clergyman and traveller.
A number of Dumas’ photographs were included in
Merrill’s 1877 album Photographic Views, taken ex-
pressly for the American Palestine Exploration Society,
during a reconnaissance east of the Jordan River in the
autumn of 1875.
By the early years of the twentieth century, he had
returned to his earlier calling as a banker, heading the
banking company of T R Dumas et Fils in Paris.
John Hannavy
DUNLOP, SIR JAMES FRANCIS
(1830–1858)
English photographer
Sir James Dunlop of Dunlop was born on 26 August
1830 in London, England. He was the only son of
Sir John Dunlop, Baronet, who was the Member of
Parliament for the County of Ayrshire, Scotland. His
father died when he was nine and he inherited the title
and the extensive family estate with its fi ne mansion
near the village of Dunlop in Ayrshire. He attended
Edinburgh Academy and may have been introduced to
photography by his aunt, Mrs Frances Monteith. There
is a photograph of him by his aunt in the Brewster Al-
bum in the J. Paul Getty Museum, California. He was
associated with the Edinburgh Calotype Club and his
photographs appear in each of the extant albums: one
is in the Central Library of Edinburgh and the other in
the National Library of Scotland. These were taken on
a tour of Europe in about 1847-48 in the company of
Reverend James Calder Macphail who also produced
photographs of similar subjects, which are in the albums.
These are of scenes in Italy and Malta. His participation
in photography appears to have ended when he became
an Ensign in the Coldstream Guards on 7 April 1849.
He was promoted to Major in 1855 and served with
distinction throughout the Crimean War being awarded
the medal and clasps for the battles at Alma, Balaclava,
Inkerman and Sebastopol. Due to poor health, most
likely caused by the war, he decided to sell his estate
and retired to the South of France in 1857, where he
died shortly afterwards on 10 February 1858 at Hyeres.
He was unmarried. The church in the village of Dunlop
in Ayrshire contains a memorial plaque to Sir James
Dunlop.
Roddy Simpson
DUNMORE, JOHN L. AND GEORGE P.
CRITCHERSON (active 1850s–1870s)
In May 1871, the American artist William Bradford
(1823–1892) presented a small display of Arctic paint-
ings and photographs at London’s Langham Hotel.
The paintings were by Bradford himself, and others,
while the photographs, although some were credited to
Bradford, had been taken for him, and under his direc-
tion, by John L. Dunmore, a Boston photographer from
James Wallace Black’s studio, and his friend George P.
Critcherson.
Their place in the history of photography rests on
a single body of work, images produced under the
harshest of conditions in the summer of 1869 and on
Dunmore’s enlightening account of their journey and
the challenges of collodio-albumen photography in
conditions of extreme cold, “The Camera Amongst the
Icebergs,” published in the December 1869 issue of the
Philadelphia Photographer,
While little is known of Critcherson except that
he hailed from Worcester MA, Dunmore, had joined
Whipple & Black as an assistant in 1854, and continued
to work with Black at his independent studio after 1860,
and later, in 1876, became his partner. Some reports
claim the two men became brothers-in-law, but this can-
not be substantiated. James Wallace Black had worked
with John Adams Whipple as early as 1850, becoming
his partner by 1854, although each man retained and
operated his own studio. The Whipple & Black partner-
ship lasted until 1860.
DÜHRKOOP, RUDOLF AND MINYA DIETZ
