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opposite—excluding photographic art.’ French paint-
ers who took up photography, like Gustave Le Gray,
Vallou de Villeneuve and Charles Nègre practiced it
for its own aesthetic appeal. They did not go beyond
legitimate genre photographs of picturesque characters
such as on organ grinder by Nègre or some Savoyard
street musicians by Disdéri.
Durieu also photographed Clamart and St Valéry-en-
Caux between 1851–1855. He used daguerreotype, wet
negative paper, wax paper prints, salted, collodion and
gold toning. His photographs are now in the collections
of the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris, the S.F.P. in Paris,
George Eastman House in Rochester (USA).
Johan Swinnen
See also: France; Delacroix, Ferdinand Victor
Eugène; Nudes; Société Française de Photographie;
Royal Society, London; Société Héliographique
Française; Bibliothèque Nationale; Genre; and
Painters and Photography.
Further Reading
André Jammes & Elaine Parry Janis, The Art of French Calotype,
Princeton University Press (USA), 1983.
Auer, Michel & Michèle, Encyclopédie internationale des pho-
tographes des débuts à nos jours, CD-Rom, Neuchâtel, Éd.
Ides et Calendes, diffusion Hazan, 1997.
Coke, Van Deren. “Two Delacroix Drawings Made from Photo-
graphs.” Art Journal, Vol. 21, No. 3. (Spring, 1962).
Frizot, Michel (ed.), Nouvelle Histoire de la Photographie,
Bordas, Paris, 1994.
Gautier, A., Un Pionnier méconnu de la photographie médicale,
Albert Londe.
Gernsheim, Helmut and Alison, The origins of photography,
Thames and Hudson, London, 1982.
Lemagny Jean-Claude, Sayag, Alain, L’invention d’un art, Centre
Georges Pompidou, Paris, 1989.
DURYEA, TOWNSEND (1823–1888) AND
SANDFORD (1833–1904)
Townsend Duryea was born in Long Island, New York
in 1823, the eldest son of Hewlett Duryea and Ann Ben-
nett. His younger brother Sanford Bennett Duryea was
born in Long Island on 22 February 1833. Townsend
started working as a daguerreotypist at 140 Grand St,
in Williamsburgh (Brooklyn) in 1840. He was joined
in his studio in 1851 by Sanford. After remarrying
Townsend left for Australia in 1853 aboard the Canton,
and established two studios with Archibald McDonald
in Melbourne in 1854 and they were then joined by
Sanford who arrived aboard the Nightingale in August,
leaving the New York studio under the control of their
nephews Alva Adee Pearsall (b. 1839) and G. Frank E.
Pearsall (b. 1841) who both later opened studios of their
own in New York. Duryea and McDonald branches were
opened in Geelong and Tasmania and they employed
Charles Nettleton in Melbourne to perform the outdoor
work. The Duryea brothers relocated to King William
St, Adelaide in 1855 offering daguerreotypes and am-
brotypes. During 1856 they visited country towns and
Sanford set up the fi rst studio in 1857 in Perth, Western
Australia, before returning to Adelaide in 1859. He made
several more visits to Perth, but broke from his brother
and returned to America in 1863. Townsend was the
society photographer of Adelaide producing fi ne cartes
de visite and training others in photography including
Robert Sheppard Stacy and Henry Jones, not to mention
his four sons Townsend (b. c.1854), Edwin (b. 1857),
Richard (b. 1859), and Frank (b. 1861) who all went on
to open studios. Townsend created a massive 14 panel
panorama of Adelaide during 1865. He was the offi cial
photographer for the Royal visit of H. R. H. the Duke of
Edinburgh, Prince Alfred in 1867. A branch studio was
opened in Wallaroo in 1873 and then Moonta, operated
by Saul Solomon, who later opened another Adelaide
branch at 51 Rundle St. On 17 April 1875 the King Wil-
liam St studio and 60,000 negative were destroyed by
fi re; Townsend relocated to Moonta installing George
Bentley as operator, his rebuilt Adelaide studio being
taken over by Stephen E. Nixon and Charles H. Man-
ning. Townsend retired from photography at the age of
57, and took up farming in the Riverina district of NSW
where he died in 1888. Sanford resumed photography
opening a studio at 253 Fulton St, Brooklyn in 1876.
Sanford’s studio was damaged by fi re in 1878 but he
rebuilt and he opened a branch at 297 Fulton St in the
late 1880s. Sanford’s son Hewlett a.k.a. Frederick went
to California and became a Kodak agent. His son Chester
learnt photography and became a pioneer in the fi eld of
radiology. Sanford retired around the age of sixty and
died in Long Island in 1904. Henry Augustus Duryea,
Townsend’s son from his fi rst marriage also worked as
a photographer in Brooklyn from around 1880 until his
death in 1889.
Marcel SafierDUTILLEUX, CONSTANT (1807–1865)
French teacher and photographerBorn in 1807 in Douai in northern France, Constant
(Henri-Joseph) Dutilleux moved to Paris in 1826 where
he worked in a printer’s shop and trained at the Ecole
des Beaux-Arts. In 1830 he moved from Paris to Arras,
where he taught painting, drawing and lithography and
ran a lithography fi rm. Dutilleux, who learned cliché
verre technique from Adalbert Cuvelier and drawing
professor Léandre Grandguillaume in early 1853,
introduced the technique to Camille Corot who, like
Dutilleux, was best known for his en plein air landcape
painting. Working in Arras and, after 1851, in the forest