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Carnavalet as early as 1898, at that time purchasing
them for documentary purposes. Atget’s photographs
reveal an old Paris where shops and boutiques have
today disappeared.
December 28th, 1895, saw a new invention which
was offered to Parisians on boulevard des Capucines, in
the Indian salon of the Café de Paris. Auguste and Louis
Lumière, manufacturers from Lyon, showed ten short
moving stories on a white screen, among them L’Entrée
en gare de la Ciotat, La Sortie d’usine or Le Déjeuner
de bébé. Almost sixty years after Daguerre’s invention
the Lumière brothers succeeded, as had Marey some
years before, in reproducing movement.
Dominique de Font-Réaulx
See also: Arago, François Jean Dominique; Atget,
Jean-Eugène-Auguste; Baudelaire, Charles; Bayard,
Hippolyte; Baldus, Édouard; Bibliothèque Nationale;
Blanquart-Evrard, Louis-Désiré; Braun, Adolphe;
Choiselat, Marie-Charles-Isidore and Ratel, Stanislas;
Daguerre, Louis-Jacques-Mandé; Daguerreotype;
Davanne, Louis-Alphonse; Degas, Edgar; Demachy,
(Léon) Robert; Duchenne, Guillaume-Benjamin-
Amant ; Ducos du Hauron, André Louis; Durandelle,
Louis-Emile; Durieu, Jean-Louis-Marie-Eugène;
Expositions Universelle, Paris (1854, 1855, 1867 etc.);
Girault de Prangey, Joseph-Philibert; Goupil et Cie;
Gros, Baron Jean-Baptiste Louis; Itier, Jules; Le Gray,
Gustave; Le Secq, Henri; Lumière, Auguste and Louis;
Marey, Etienne Jules; Marville, Charles; Mayer et
Pierson; Mestral, O.; Moulin; Nadar; Nègre, Charles;
Niépce, Joseph Nicéphore; Régnault, Henri-Victor;
Photo-Club de Paris; Puyo, Émile Joachim Constant;
Robert, Louis-Rémy; Tournachon, Adrien; Vallou de
Villeneuve, Julien; Vidal, Léon; and Wey, Francis.
Further Readings
Aubenas Sylvie ey al., L’Art du nu au XIXe siècle, le photogra-
phe et son modèle, [The Photographer and his model, Nude
studies in XIXth century], Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de
France, Hazan, 1997.
Aubenas, Sylvie et al., Gustave Le Gray, Los Angeles, The Getty
Museum, 2002.
Bajac, Quentin, The Invention of Photography, London, Thames
and Hudson, 2002.
Bajac, Quentin, Font-Réaulx, Dominique de and al., Le Daguer-
réotype français [The French Daguerreotype], Paris, Réunion
des Musées nationaux, 2003.
Bajac, Quentin, L’époque moderne 1880–1960 [Modern Times,
1880–1960], Paris, Gallimard, 2004.
Brunet, Philippe, La Naissance de l’idée de photographie [The
Birth of the Idea of Photography], Paris, Presses universitaires
de France, 2001.
Frizot, Michel et al., The New History of Photography, London,
Konemann, 1998.
Heilbrun, Françoise, Marbot, Bernard, Néagu, Philippe,
L’Invention d’un regard [A New Glance Invention], Paris,
Réunion des Musées nationaux, 1989.
Jammes André, Parry Janis Eugenia, The Art of French calotype,
Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1983.
McCauley, Elizabeth Anne, Industrial Madness, Commercial
Photography in Paris, 1848–1871, New Haven and London,
Yale University Press, 1994.
Néagu, Philippe, Heilbrun Françoise, Aubenas, Sylvie, Fé l i x
Nadar, les années créatrices, Paris, Réunion des Musées
nationaux, 1994.
Poivert, Michel et al., L’Utopie photographique [The Photo-
graphic Utopia], Paris, Le Point du Jour, 2004.
Rouillé, André, La Photographie en France [Photography in
France], Paris, Macula, 1989.
Société française de photographie, Etudes photographiques, Paris,
from November 1996.FRANCK; FRANÇOIS-MARIE-
LOUIS-ALEXANDRE GOBINET DE
VILLECHOLLES (1816–1906)
French photographer and professor
French photographer, his studio was at 15, Place de la
Bourse from 1859 to 1862, and 18, rue Vivienne from
1861 to 1880 in Paris. He was a Professor of photogra-
phy at the Ecole Centrale in 1862, and was also a teacher
at the Ecole Impériale centrale des arts et manufactures
in 1863.
He was a member of the Societé française de photo-
graphie, becoming a member of the board of directors
of the society from 1882 to 1900, a member of the
Committee of organization of the international congress
of Photography in 1888, and a member emeritus of the
SFP in 1900. He was also a member of the jury of the
Exposition Universellle of 1878. Additionally he was
a Knight of the Royal Orders of Wasa (Sweden) and of
the Crown of Italy.
Franck was born 21 December 1816 at the Château
de Voyennes in the Somme department in France. He
fi rst embraced a literary career and he became interested
in photography in 1845 with daguerreotype. From 1849
to 1857, he left the French republic and took refuge in
Barcelona. From this period date photographs of Spain
and Germany on salt paper and stereoscopy, and an al-
bum in four volumes untitled Topographie d’Espagne.
From 1859 to 1880, Franck set up as photographer in
Paris. He offered offi cial and artistic portraits, artistic
reproductions, industrials, views, monuments and later
lessons in photography and illustrations for books. In
1862, he was professor at the Ecole Centrale of Paris and
began his “Galerie universitaire contemporaine.” Next
year, he became the photographer of the high schools
Polytechnic, Normale, Mines, Saint-Cyr and published
group portraits until 1975. In 1864, Franck, apparently
close to the power, photographed the Bishopric and the
Legislative Corps. In 1865, he reproduced famous art
collections displayed at the exhibition of the Central
Union of Fine Art applied to Industry at the Industry