562
When Frith had left for Egypt in 1856, he was making a
journey that few of the viewers of his photographs would
ever physically make. The multiple publications from his
three journeys provided a photographic simulacrum of
travel, as well as offered instruction in the lands of the
Bible and North Africa. By 1864, travel around England
and the continent for pleasure was not unusual. Thomas
Cooke was well established offering package tours to
regions of England, France, and Germany. (Package
tours of Egypt were not introduced until late 1869.) The
photographs in The Gossiping Photographer at Hast-
ings show the recently built seaside hotels and growing
crowds of holiday visitors. Frith’s photographs and his
breezy text describe places and experiences which his
audience expected to share. Frith had relinquished the
role of educator to become the “gossiping” photographer
one might meet along the way, sharing his views of the
places his readers expected to experience.
Frith’s photographic printing enterprise is a mile-
stone in the industrialization of photographic printing
and publishing in Great Britain. Newly married and
after sustaining fi nancial losses, Frith needed income
and recognized the burgeoning commercial possibili-
ties in photographic printing. Beginning with the short
partnership with Hayward, quickly followed by F. Frith
and Co. at Reigate, he initiated the rapid, centralized,
factory-scale printing of glass plate negatives. Frith and
Co. soon became the largest photographic printing fi rm
in the United Kingdom with a particular specialization
in travel photography. Frith acquired negatives from
other photographers and commissioned operators to
expand the catalogue. In 1876, the catalogue listed
over 4000 images. Frith and Co. published a variety of
materials—photographic instruction books, illustrated
books, and sets of stereo cards. He provided and printed
photographs for illustrated novels and travelogues,
such as Longfellow’s Hyperion: A Romance (1865),
which was illustrated with photographs he made on
his Rhine trip. After 1870, Frith devoted less time to
the fi rm. Always a deeply religious man, he took up
service as a Quaker Minister. In the 1880s, he turned
control of Frith and Co. to his sons. He died in 1898
in Cannes, France.
Kathleen Stewart Howe
See also: Negretti and Zambra; and Frith & Co.
Further Reading
Armstrong, Carol, Scenes in a Library: Reading the Photograph
in the Book, 1843–1875. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press,
1998.
Howe, Kathleen Stewart, Excursions along the Nile: The Pho-
tographic Discovery of Ancient Egypt. Santa Barbara, Calif.:
Santa Barbara Museum of Art, 1994.
——, Revealing the Holy Land: The Photographic Exploration
of Palestine. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Santa Barbara Museum
of Art, 1997
Jay, Bill, Victorian Cameraman: Francis Frith’s Views of Rural
England, 1850–1898. Newton Abbot, Devon, England: David
and Charles, 1973.
Nickel, Douglas, Francis Frith in Egypt: A Victorian Photogra-
pher Abroad. Princeton and London: Princeton University
Press, 2004
Nir, Yeshayahu, The Bible and the Image: The History of Photog-
raphy in the Holy Land, 1839–1899. Philadelphia: University
of Pennsylvania Press, 1985.
Van Haaften, Julia, Egypt and the Holy Land in Historic Pho-
tographs: Seventy-seven Views by Francis Frith. New York:
Dover Publications, 1980.FRIZSHE, JULIUS FEDOROVICH
(Carl Julius) (1802–1871)
Chemist and biologistJulius Frizshe was born in 1802 in Neustadt, Germany.
He graduated from the Berlin University in 1833 and
settled in Russia in 1834. Since 1838 he was an adjunct
professor in the St. Petersburg Academy of Science and
in 1844 was elected an academician.
The newly invented photographic process aroused
great interest amongst the Academy’s members and
they sent their corresponding member Josef Hamel
(1788–1862) to acquaint himself with it. Hamel fi rst
visited Henry Fox Talbot in London, and later sent a
description of the process in May of 1839 to St. Pe-
tersburg along with several prints. The Academy As-
sembly instructed Frizshe to survey Talbot’s method.
The academician informed them of the results of his
research on the 23rd of May of 1839 and demonstrated
how he made two pictures of foliage through the use of
photogenic drawing, which he improved in the course
of his work. Frizshe found Talbot’s method capable only
of creating images of fl at objects, and from this point of
view, the process greatly limited images capability and
usability for scientifi c purposes. This report was the fi rst
scientifi c work on photography in Russia.
In 1843, Frizshe became a member of a commission
which studied the Caucasus’s mineral waters. He took
a daguerreotype camera with him and under his super-
vision, S. L. Levitsky made daguerrotypes showing
Caucasus’s views, which were later sent to the French
optician Chevalier in 1844.
Alexei LoginovFROND, VICTOR (1821–1881)
Born in Montfaucon, France, on November 1, 1821,
Jean-Victor Frond learned photography in Lisbon. He
arrived in Brazil in 1852 after fl eeing a penal colony
in Algiers, where he had been a political prisoner of