808
Fragen des gesamten Filmwesens [Film Technology. The jour-
nal for all technical and artistic questions of the fi lm industry],- Jg. 1925—11. Jg. 1936, passim.
Graham, Gordon, ‘“Only a link in the chain,’ a tribute to a great
publisher,” in, The Bookseller, December 1, 1979, 2454.
Spiess, Eberhard, “Andor Kraszna-Kraus, 12.1.1904–24.12.1989,”
in, epd Film, (1990) 5:12.
Strasser, Alex, Gallery of Immortal Portraits (London: Focal
Press, 1941).
Strasser, Alex, Victorian Photography (London: Focal Press,
1942).
KRONE, HERMANN (1827–1916)
Hermann Krone lived most of his life in Dresden, and
spent it in pursuits that ranged over photographic ex-
perimentation; being a photographer for solar eclipse
and transit of Venus expeditions; teaching photography,
photo printing processes and art in schools and private
lessons; portraiture; and travel photography includ-
ing stereo images (some of which are held at George
Eastman House). He made attempts to get copyright
for photographers, did extensive public lecturing on a
wide range of scientifi c and photographic subjects, and
created publications which most famously includes a
unique Historisches Lehrmuseum fur Photographie
(Historical Didactic Museum of Photography), actually
a group of large pages devoted to documenting many
of the photo processes that were or became known in
his time. This document was recently published in book
form (1998), including all the paper pages, but omitting
a small number of glass plate color images and about
900 glass negatives. Krone’s teaching and production
reputation were international.
The color plates are spectra made by Lippmann’s
process. Krone was one of the early experimenters in
this process and was the fi rst to publish trials of it that
omitted the mercury mirror (1892). Instead, the light
refl ected from the emulsion-air interface interferes with
the incoming light. The resulting image has color less
saturated than that in the original technique, which used
a mercury mirror in contact with the emulsion to create a
stronger refl ection. Krone’s work in this area anticipated
Rothe’s better-known results by about a decade.
William R. Alschuler
Further Reading
Hesse, W., Historisches Lehrmuseum fur Photographie: Expe-
riment. Kunst. Massenmedium, Historical Didactic Museum
of Photography: Experiment. Art. Mass Medium. Dresden:
Verlag der Kunst, 1998.
Krone, H., Farbenphotogramme von Spectren, in Annalen der
Physik, Wiedemans, vol. 46, 426–430, 1892.
KRUGER, JOHAN FRIEDRICH CARL
(FRED) (1831–1888)
German landscape photographer and studio owner
Fred Kruger was born on 18 April 1831 in Berlin. He
emigrated to Australia in the early 1860s to join his
brother’s furniture business and later took it over as sole
proprietor. In 1866 upon selling the furniture business he
became a cabinet maker but also opened a photographic
studio in Carlton, Victoria. Kruger was recognised at in-
ternational exhibitions for his landscape photographs but
also photographed the civil progress, scenic views and
Botanic Gardens of Geelong, Ballarat and Queenscliff,
Victoria extensively. In 1868 he was commissioned to
photograph the Aboriginal Cricket Team that toured
Australia and which played at Lords. In 1877–1888 he
photographed the Aborigines at the Coranderrk Aborigi-
nal Mission Station at the request of the Victorian Board
for the Protection of Aborigines; “Badger’s Creek,
Coranderrk (Aborigines Fishing)” (State Library of
Victoria) notably depicts Aboriginal subjects at leisure
in the landscape. After settling in Geelong, he received
a further commission at Coranderrk in 1883 for physi-
ognomic studies. Kruger’s photographs were available
individually or presented in albums and were regularly
used in the illustrated press. Commissions remained a
source of income from property owners and in 1886
the Victorian government requested photographs of
the Yan Yean waterworks. Kruger died in Surrey Hills,
Melbourne, on 15 February 1888.
Julia PeckKÜHN, HEINRICH (1866–1944)
Austrian photographer
(Carl Christian) Heinrich Kühn was born on February
25, 1866, to wealthy parents in Dresden. He studied
medicine and natural science in Freiburg in Breisgau.
Due to health problems he moved to Innsbruck/Tirol.
In the Camera Club Vienna, which he joined in1895,
he became acquainted with Hugo Henneberg and Hans
Watzek. Kühn is considered an internationally well-
known representative of the Austrian Pictorialismus.
Numerous personal contacts and connections to the
international scene marked his activities. Kühn was
friends with Alfred Stieglitz and over three decades
lasting exchanges of letters marked their friendship
(1899 to 1931). In 1896 he was accepted as a member
in the Linked Ring Brotherhood London. The portraits
of his children was emphasised in his work. He worked
intensively with the technology of the autochrome. After