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tofabrication at Extreme Resolutions, London: Chapman and
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MIETHE, ADOLF (1862–1927)
German photo-physicist and photographic
writer
Adolf Miethe, born Adolf Christian Heinrich Emil
Miethe in Potsdam on 25 April 1862 to city councillor
and chocolate factory owner Albert Miethe and his
wife Karoline, studied physics, astronomy and chem-
istry in Berlin and Göttingen. He had worked as an
assistant at Potsdam’s astro-physical observatory and
in 1887, with the help of Johannes Gaedicke, invented
the fi rst widely used magnesium fl ash powder. After
gaining his doctorate in astro-photography, Miethe
was employed as a scientifi c collaborator by several
optical fi rms in Potsdam, Rathenow, and Brunswick,
in the latter as a director of the company Voigtländer
& sons. In 1899 he was appointed successor to Her-
mann Wilhelm Vogel in the chair of photo-chemistry,
photography and spectral analysis at the Technische
Hochschule [Institute for Technology] Charlottenburg,
Berlin where he expanded the photo-chemical labora-
tory and founded an observatory. During his lifetime
Miethe undertook several expeditions, amongst oth-
ers to Egypt and Norway, before he died in Berlin
on 5 May 1927. He edited and contributed to several
photographic journals, like Das Atelier des Photog-
raphen [Photographer’s Studio] and Photographische
Chronik [Photographic Chronicle] and wrote several
treatises for amateur and professional photographers
alike. Miethe designed several new microscope and
camera lenses, including a telephoto lens, and he was
much occupied with enhancements of astronomical
photography, color photography and emulsion sensiv-
ity to spectral light.
Stefanie KlammMIGURSKI, KAROL JOSEF
(active 1850s–1870s)
Professional photographer
Josef Migurski, a native of Poland, became interested
in photography in 1850s. He owned a photographic
studio in Odessa. He was also the author of the fi rst
photographic instruction manual in the Russian lan-
guage, entitled The Practical Guidance on Photography
where the descriptions of the equipment and formulas of
chemical solutions were given. It also included advice
on various types of photography, for example studio
portraits, architectural, and landscape photography.
Migurski popularized photography through this. In
1863 he lectured on the technology of the photographic
processes in the Richelieu lyceum in Odessa. In the
“Novorossiysk calendar of 1864” Migurski placed an
announcement devoted to the photographic institute
which he established. There, one could study the theory
and practice of photography.
Migurski was the author of the albums The views of
the town Akkerman (1869) and The album of the Odessa’s
port works (1869). Migurski also extensively photo-
graphed Odessa. Apart from creating city views, he also
made genre scenes, for example photographs showing
building works and diving works in Odessa’s port.
Also notable, Migurski won the Great Silver Medal
in 1872, at the Polytechnic Exhibition in Moscow.
Additionally, he was a military photographer of the
Russian troops’ General Staff during the Russian-
Turkish war of 1877–1878.
Alexei LoginovMILITARY PHOTOGRAPHY
Apart from the portrayal of the aftermath of war and lim-
ited use on the battlefi eld, photography was adopted by
the military in the nineteenth century to serve the causes
of advancing nations of Europe and the United States.
The early history of the military’s use of the camera
is inextricably bound to survey work in domestic and
foreign exploits, including various engineering projects
such as the construction of bridges and railroads, and the
exploration of politically sensitive regions. This essay is
not about the photography of war, but the deployment
of the medium by army personnel and civilians acting
on behalf of political authority or nationalist concerns
who understood how photography could function out-
side the portrayal of confl ict. In 1860, Captain Henry