Islam : A Short History
T H E UMAYYADS A N D T H E SECOND FITNAH Caliph Muawiyyah (661-80) managed to restore the unity of the empire. Muslims had been ...
Karen Armstrong military oligarchy, where commanders usually competed with one another for power. The idea of making one man s ...
Islam. 43 Muslims were brothers and must not fight one another. He accorded the dhimmis religious freedom and personal rights on ...
Karen Armstrong at the Battle of the Camel; this was also an attempt to return to the pristine values of the first ummah , by ...
Islam. 45 quately be expressed in human imagery. Instead, the inside of the dome was decorated with Quranic verses, the Word of ...
Karen Armstrong the caliph be the most pious Muslim (as the Kharajites be- lieved), a direct descendant of the Prophet (as the ...
Islam. 47 tially subversive criticism of the luxury of the court. Hasan initiated a religious reform in Basrah, teaching his fol ...
Karen Armstrong God could know what was in men's hearts. This obviously countered the extremism of the Kharajites, but the Mut ...
Islam. 49 Their problem was that the Quran contains very little legisla- tion, and what laws there were had been designed for a ...
50. Karen Armstrong The political health of the ummah was, therefore, central to the emerging piety of Islam. While the caliph a ...
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Karen Armstrong to conquer Constantinople, which had not only failed but led to heavy loss of manpower and equipment. Umar was ...
Islam. 53 They saw Ali as an incarnation of the divine (like Jesus), be- lieved that Shii leaders who had been killed in an insu ...
Karen Armstrong Arab family would have been unthinkable. Caliph Abu Jafar al-Mansur (754-75) murdered all the Shii leaders who ...
Islam. 55 style absolute monarch, not like the rashidun. He was isolated from his subjects; the old informality that had charact ...
Karen Armstrong Hellenism from Greek and Syriac into Arabic. Building on the learning of the past, which had thus become avail ...
Islam. 57 scendants. Each one of the imams chose his successor and passed on the esoteric lore that enabled him to discover the ...
Karen Armstrong and utter simplicity of God. This doctrine seemed to make the Quran a second divine being. But, like the esote ...
Islam. 59 higher officials of the government, who adhered to the more autocratic norms of the pre-Islamic period in order to mak ...
Karen Armstrong commands and laws of scripture could be understood in the light of Muhammad's words and actions. But, Shafii i ...
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