Islam : A Short History
A NEW ORDER (935-1258) By the tenth century it was clear that Islamdom could no longer function effectively as a single politica ...
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Islam. 83 lamic religion was going from strength to strength. Each re- gion had its own capital, so that instead of one cultural ...
84. Karen Armstrong known in the West as Averroes) as a free spirit, an early cham- pion of rationalism against blind faith. But ...
Islam. 85 perils which, they felt, put the moral, cultural and religious well-being of the ummah in jeopardy, and even threatene ...
86. Karen Armstrong During the tenth century they had become dissatisfied with the standard of their education, and had establis ...
Islam. 87 went, the ulama, with the backing of the Shariah, became the only stable authority, and as Sufism became more popular, ...
88. Karen Armstrong their faith and who has been called the most important Mus- lim since the Prophet Muhammad. Abu Hamid Muhamm ...
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90. Karen Armstrong Al-Ghazzali was aware that in their new political circum- stances people needed different religious solution ...
Islam • 91 had its khanqah (convent), as well as a mosque or a madrasah, where the local pir instructed his disciples. New Sufi ...
92. Karen Armstrong exists between our ordinary world and God's. Even those who were not trained mystics became aware of this wo ...
Islam. 93 profound level. Muslims had responded to what might have been a political disaster with a vast spiritual renewal, whic ...
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Islam. 95 The Crusades were disgraceful but formative events in Western history; they were devastating for the Muslims of the Ne ...
96. Karen Armstrong the Turks called their new state in Anatolia "Rum" or Rome. Despite the decline of the caliphate, Muslims ha ...
Islam. 97 armies pursued Muhammad and his son Jalal al-Din across Iran, through Azerbaijan and into Syria, leaving a trail of de ...
98. Karen Armstrong Their law code, the Yasa, which was attributed to Genghis Khan himself, was a narrowly military system, whic ...
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100 • Karen Armstrong FARIS garrisons, leaving the civilians and the ulama to their own Is- lamic devices. There had always been ...
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