144. Karen ArmstrongThe colonized country provided raw materials for export,
which were fed into European industry. In return, it received
cheap manufactured Western goods, which meant that local
industry was usually ruined. The colony also had to be trans-
formed and modernized along European lines, its financial
and commercial life rationalized and brought into the West-
ern system, and at least some of the "natives" had to acquire
some familiarity with the modern ideas and ethos.
This colonization was experienced by the agrarian colonies
as invasive, disturbing and alien. Modernization was inevitably
superficial, since a process that had taken Europe three cen-
turies had to be achieved at top speed. Where modern ideas
had time to filter down gradually to all classes of society in
Europe, in the colonies only a small number of people, who
were members of the upper classes and-significantly-the
military, could receive a Western education and appreciate
the dynamic of modernity. The vast majority of the popula-
tion were left perforce to rot in the old agrarian ethos. Society
was divided, therefore, and increasingly neither side could
understand the other. Those who had been left outside the
modernizing process had the disturbing experience of watch-
ing their country become utterly strange, like a friend disfig-
ured by disease and become unrecognizable. They were ruled
by secular foreign law-codes which they could not under-
stand. Their cities were transformed, as Western buildings
"modernized" the towns, often leaving the "old city" as a mu-
seum piece, a tourist trap and a relic of a superseded age.
Western tourists have often felt disoriented and lost in the
winding alleys and apparent chaos of an oriental city: they do
not always appreciate that for many of the indigenous popu-
lation, their modernized capitals are equally alien. People felt
lost in their own countries. Above all, local people of all
classes of society resented the fact that they were no longer in
control of their own destiny. They felt that they had severed