200. Key Figures in the History of IslamMulla Sadra (d. 1640): Shii mystical philosopher whose work was an in-
spiration to intellectuals, revolutionaries and modernizers, espe-
cially in Iran.
Murad I: Ottoman sultan (1 360-89) who defeated the Serbians at the
Battle of Kosovo Field.
Muslim (d. 878): the collector of an authoritative anthology of hadith re-
ports.
Mustafa Kemal also known as Atatiirk (1881-1938): the founder of
modern, secular Turkey.
Mutawakkil, Caliph al-: Abbasid caliph (847-61) who was respon-
sible for imprisoning the Shii imams in the Askari fortress in
Samarra.
Nadir Khan (d. 1748): temporarily revived the military power of Shii
Iran after the fall of the Safavid dynasty.
Naini, Sheikh Muhammad Husain (1850-1936): an Iranian mujtahid
whose treatise Admonition to the Nation gave a strong Shii endorse-
ment to the notion of constitutional rule.
Nasir, Caliph al-: one of the last of the Abbasid caliphs, who tried to
use Islamic institutions to strengthen his rule in Baghdad.
Nasser, Jamal Abd al-: president of Egypt (1952-70), leading a mili-
tantly nationalistic, secularist and socialist government.
Nizalmulmulk: the brilliant Persian vizier who ruled the Seljuk Empire
from 1063 to 1092.
Qutb, Sayyid (1906-66): a Muslim Brother, executed by al-Nasser's
regime; his ideology is crucial to all Sunni fundamentalism.
Rashid, Caliph Harun al-: Abbasid caliph (786-809) whose reign coin-
cided with the zenith of caliphal absolute power, and who presided
over a magnificent cultural florescence.
Reza Khan: shah of Iran (1921-41) and the founder of the Pahlavi
dynasty. His government was aggressively secularist and nation-
alist.
Rida, Muhammad Rashid (1865-1935): journalist who founded the
Salafiyyah movement in Cairo and was the first to advocate a fully
modernized Islamic state.
Rumi,Jalal al-Din (1207-75): a highly influential Sufi leader who had
a large popular following and founded the Mawlani Order, often
known as the Whirling Dervishes.
Salah ad-Din, Yusuf ibn Ayyub (d. 1193): the Kurdish general who be-
came the sultan of an extensive empire in Syria and Egypt, returned