Check Quesionsstructurally from the noun they modify than restrictives as only restrictives can be part
of one-pronominalisation together with the noun they modify. Both types can be
coordinated with identical constituents, though, and both are analysed as adjuncts with
the non-restrictive relative clause being attached further away from the noun head than
the restrictive.
Q14 An interrogative pronoun has the feature [+wh] while a relative pronoun has the
feature [-wh]. ‘What’ as an interrogative pronoun is associated with non-animate
referents, while ‘what’ as a relative pronoun used in dialects is not. ‘What’ as a relative
pronoun can only introduce so-called headless relatives in standard English.
Q15 It can only be used in finite clauses while relative pronouns may introduce both
finite and non-finite clauses. It does not allow pied-piping, i.e. it must be separated
from a preposition it is the complement of (e.g. the man with whom they talked – the
man whom they talked with - *the man with that they met – the man that they talked
with). As ‘that’ is a complementizer, there is no associated gap of the moved element
after the preposition.
Q16 If the wh-element is part of a PP, there are two options as to the way it can
move: along with the preposition, i.e. the whole PP moves (pied-piping, e.g. with
whom did you leave) or separate from the preposition (preposition stranding, e.g. who
did you leave with).
Q17 There are three main types of relative clauses, wh-relatives, that-relatives and
zero-relatives. Wh-relatives contain an overt wh-pronoun associated with a trace of the
noun head in the nominal structure while that-relatives and zero-relatives contain the
non-overt counterpart (a null operator) of the relative pronoun associated with the trace
of the noun. Besides, there are the so-called headless relatives that apear to lack
amodified noun head, but they also have the distribution of a DP so they shuld be
analysed as such: [whoever you support] will be promoted
Q18 Topic: it denotes information that is already part of the discourse or is easily
identifiable by the participants on the basis of the context or general knowledge (so-
called ‘old-information’). Focus: the stressed element that carries new information.
Comment: information that follows the topic (so-called ‘new information’).
Q19 Matrix clauses: topicalised elements (potentially more than one) + wh-element.
Embedded clauses: wh-element + topicalised elements.
Q20 Topicalisation, focus-fronting and negative-fronting.
Q21 The inverted auxiliary in negative–fronting structures precedes the inverted
auxiliary but follows the complementizer.
Q22 The topic precedes the fronted negative. The topic also precedes the focus. The
fronted negative is in complementary distribution with the focus.