18 Briefing Central Asia The Economist January 15th 2022
source curse. Kazakhstan depends on oil
and gas, and is the world’s biggest producer
of uranium (see Finance section). Al
though it has tried to diversify, it has been
largely into energyhungry fields: bitcoin
mining is a new fad. Turkmenistan has the
world’s fourthbiggest reserves of natural
gas. Cotton and gas dominate Uzbekistan’s
economy. A single gold mine, just nation
alised, accounts for a tenth of Kyrgyzstan’s
gdpand is the biggest contributor to the
government budget. As for Tajikistan, next
door to Afghanistan’s poppy fields, it bears
the hallmarks of a narcostate.
All across Central Asia, bribery and cor
ruption are not incidental to the business
model but intrinsic to it. A predatory state
discourages investment. In Bishkek, the
capital of Kyrgyzstan, a young itentrepre
neur bemoans how greedy customs offi
cers demanded such high fees to allow im
ported servers into the country that his
backer in Dubai gave up on his venture.
Others turn to wellconnected smuggling
mafias. Some Nazarbayev family members
are believed to have importexport rackets
as well as control of the bazaars around Al
maty. In Kyrgyzstan, Raimbek Matraimov,
a former deputy customs chief, is a smug
gling kingpin. In his southern base around
Osh, he buys popularity by building
mosques and hospitals. In Bishkek, politi
cians say, he buys governments.
Internal weaknesses spill into inter
ethnic conflicts. Bloody pogroms of ethnic
Uzbeks took place in the southern Kyrgyz
city of Osh in 2010. And they hold back
crossborder cooperation. Central Asian
countries trade less with one another as a
share of total imports and exports than do
the countries of subSaharan Africa (see
chart on previous page). The region’s arbi
trary borders spawn disputes over water
sharing or delineation of frontiers. Last
year, to distract attention from problems at
home, Tajikistan provoked a spat with Kyr
gyzstan that left dozens of civilians dead.
Still, there are notable points of light.
When Islam Karimov died in 2016, ending a
brutal 27year reign over Uzbekistan, his
successor, Shavkat Mirziyoyev, admitted
the deadend into which Uzbekistan had
been driven. He lifted restrictions on con
verting currency and streamlined customs
procedures. He made it plain that apparat
chiks were not to shake down local busi
nesses. At the same time he closed the
country’s most notorious prison, encour
aged a degree of monitoring and criticism
of the government, and abolished rules
limiting where people could live or travel.
The change, even in everyday interactions
with Uzbekistanis, now largely freed from
fear, is palpable to anyone who has not vis
ited the country for a while. In govern
ment, the desire for advice from Western
led firms and multilateral institutions re
mains enthusiastic.Yet deeper changes, including the pri
vatisation of state banks and other busi
nesses, and the reform of land, where the
state squats, are proving trickier. The band
of committed reformists in government is
stretched thin. The obstacles come from
oligarchs with entrenched interests; from
below, where many bureaucrats with Kari
movera mindsets remain; and even from
above, where, as across all of Central Asia,
the imperious summons of the great man
at any time of day or night means wasted
hours in the presidential antechamber.
The obstacles to economic and espe
cially political change across the region are
one reason why Kazakhstan is being so
closely watched. To senior modernisers in
Uzbekistan, reform is already on a knife
edge. These people fear that events in Kaz
akhstan will lead neighbouring regimes,
Uzbekistan’s included, to conclude that
the risks of the state relaxing its grip are
too great. In recent months, after all, Mr
Tokayev had introduced what, by his re
gime’s standards, were serious changes.
He had encouraged a degree of decentrali
sation, including by allowing a little politi
cal competition in local elections. He had
released a few political prisoners and abol
ished the death penalty. Some see the re
cent violence as the result.
Russia’s return to Kazakhstan is anoth
er reason why the region is following
events there closely. In truth, Russia never
left. Russian operatives remain in Kazakh
stan’s successor to the kgb. Russia controls
a spacelaunch site, the Baikonur Cosmo
drome. Through Mr Putin’s Eurasian Eco
nomic Union (which, among Central Asian
states, also includes Kyrgyzstan), Russia in
effect controls Kazakhstan’s customs poli
cies. And the many ethnic Russians in the
north of the country provide Mr Putin with
an excuse to meddle.
To a lesser (Uzbekistan) or greater (Kyrgyzstan) extent, Russia enjoys similar in
fluence across Central Asia. The influence
is reinforced by the millions of Central
Asians who have migrated to Russia in
search of work. Their existence, says one
Kyrgyz analyst, gives Mr Putin yet more le
verage in Central Asia’s domestic politics
when it suits him.
Sending in the troops will give him
much more. It was only a couple of years
ago that Central Asia’s five leaders met in
NurSultan, their first collective summit
without Russia’s involvement. Now, Rus
sia is propping up the government that
hosted them. Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan al
so contributed troops to the csto’s mis
sion. That suggests that they, too, will
more readily call in Russia if their regimes
are threatened by internal foes.Silk Road scrum
Others outside the region are also watch
ing. China’s influence in Central Asia has
grown markedly as it has built continent
girdling roads and railways intended to
link China with Europe (see map on previ
ous page). For all the protestations of Sino
Russian friendship, defined in part by a
shared animosity towards the West, the
speed of Russia’s deployment to Kazakh
stan, which also underscored the demise
of the Nazarbayev era, appears to have tak
en China by surprise. Its supportive rheto
ric since suggests that China quickly con
cluded that its interests are best served by
Russia’s intervention. Stability is all, and
China is never averse to piggybacking com
mercially off others’ security.
Another country that thinks of itself as
a former Silk Road power, Turkey, has been
caught flatfooted. It harbours ambitions
to lead the Turkic world, including Central
Asia. The attraction of Turkey’s soft power
is undeniable. Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Turkmen
and Uzbek are all Turkic languages. Turkey
is a Muslim country, but also a modern,
relatively prosperous one. Culturally, the
lights of Istanbul shine more brightly for
many young Central Asians than do those
of Moscow or Beijing. In Almaty and Tash
kent many of the fashionable malls are
Turkishbuilt. Yet now Turkish dreams
bump up against a new Russian reality.
The West’s influence in Central Asia is
also at stake. Perhaps to a surprising degree
Western counsel has been welcome in
NurSultan, Bishkek and Tashkent. Mr To
kayev, who spent years in Geneva and is
comfortable in the West, sought Western
opinion before delivering his speech on
January 11th, in which he was at pains to
show his concern over joblessness, poor
living standards, inflation and corruption.
As he surely knows, the answer to the chal
lenges facing Kazakhstan and the region is
more modernisation,not less. Yet despite
the promisingtalk,such modernisation is
From Russia with strings far from a given.n