The Economist January 15th 2022 Finance & economics 63A
fewyearsagoa strangersidledupto
me at a conference. I had been in
troduced as an equity salesman with over
30 years of experience. “Success or fail
ure?” he asked impishly. I laughed. When
I started in stockbroking, anyone older
than 50 carried an air of defeat. If they
hadn’t made enough money to retire
early, they were seen as losers. Well, I’m
still here and I’m not the only one. There
is a lot more grey hair on the sales desks
these days.
That is not the only change. Trading
revenue is slimmer, because of reg
ulation and new technology. The way
sellside analysts and salespeople are
paid has changed. But the biggest differ
ence is in the kinds of conversation I
have and who I have them with. Twenty
years ago, I hardly spoke to the fast
money crowd. Now most of my day is
taken up with them. Share prices are set
at the margin. And the marginal buyer
and seller is a hedgefund manager.
Hedge funds are behind much of the
recent market drama. The minutes of the
Federal Reserve’s ratesetting meeting
last week were a trigger. The immediate
prospect of tighter monetary policy
spurred hedge funds to sell expensive
“growth” shares, notably those of tech
nology companies, the profits of which
are expected to last long into the future.
Those distant earnings must now be
discounted at a higher rate. So tech
shares fell. At the same time, a lot of the
funds bought cheap “value” stocks.
I specialise in a sector that is seeing
selling pressure. But most of my hedge
fund clients trade at a more granular
level. They want to bet on the most resil
ient stocks on my patch and against
those that will falter. What matters to
such “longshort” traders is that their
longs do better than their shorts. Theirinvestmenthorizon is days and weeks, not
months and years. There are lots of these
hedge funds trading lots of stocks. That is
why beneath the surface, the stockmarket
is so noisy.
Clients want to talk to me. I know my
industry well. I have a good team of an
alysts behind me that is in regular contact
with companies. And I talk to a lot of other
investors. Everyone has the same hard
data—the stock price, the financial state
ments, the consensus forecasts for earn
ings and the firm’s “guidance” around
those numbers. But the hedge funds are
trying to anticipate shortterm shifts.
They come to me for soft data.
I get asked all sorts of questions. How
confident does the finance director of firm
x seem about making the numbers? How
steely are the investors in the stock—are
they committed holders or would they
dump it on bad news? Is anyone thinking
of buying burntout stock y? Would firm x
be open to acquiring firm yor is it still
digesting its latest purchase? No one asks
about valuation anymore. When I hear a
hedgefund manager say a stock is cheapor dear, alarm bells ring. He is usually
trying to “reversebroke” me, ie, influ
ence the market by swaying me.
The buyside used to reward us with
fat commissions. Now the biggest bro
kers allow clients to use their systems to
trade directly on the stock exchange at
very low cost. Regulators insist that the
buyside pays directly for our advice.
These clients agree to pay a fixed sum
every year. My performance is measured
by “interactions”: the phone calls I make,
the meetings I arrange and the requests I
respond to. The hedge funds are espe
cially hungry for information. So they
pay well.
The buyside was once a gentler place.
Before passive investing put pressure on
fees and performance, a dolt could make
money in fund management. If you got
the dolt drunk regularly, he would allo
cate you some commission. I still talk to
clients whose investment horizon is five
years and not five days. But the conversa
tions are more serious. Boozy lunches
have been regulated away. No one has the
time for them anyway. The sellside
trader is a marker of cultural change. The
oldschool version was a redfaced bruis
er called Fat Matt or Cardiac Kev. The new
model is a triathlete.
Improved health might explain why
there are more nearsexagenarians like
me around. It’s mainly a cohort effect,
though. The City grew quickly in the
1990s. Anyone who read “Liar’s Poker”
figured they’d get rich in sales. But the
broking of listed stocks has since lost its
mystique. Finance graduates now opt for
jobs in private equity—or at hedge funds.
My generation has stuck around. Success
or failure? I’ve survived several rounds of
cuts. I have a job that I enjoy. I am still
pretty wellpaid. I think that counts as
success, don’t you? Buttonwood Sexagenarians and the City
A fictional broker on the faster metabolism of financestead in a state fund, which since 2003 has
made an annual return of 9.9%.
The plan outlined in Germany’s co
alition deal is far more modest. The gov
ernment will funnel €10bn from its annual
budget into a publicly managed pension
fund, which will be invested in the stock
market, and which may generate attractive
returns. The principal itself accounts for
only about ten days of pension payments,
says Martin Werding of the Ruhr Universi
ty Bochum, who conducted a feasibility
study of the fdp’s proposal ahead of the
election. But the party hopes it may only be
a first step towards a “stockandbond co
vered pension system”.
The reaction to the government’s plan
tells you much about Germans’ attitudes to
capital markets. Studies indicate that they
are “marketshy” and tend to overestimate
the risks from investing. Only around a
quarter of households own stocks. By con
trast, more than half of all American
households do so, much of it in the form of
401(k) retirement plans. This could in part
reflect differences between the two coun
tries’ tax systems. Germany imposes a
higher tax rate—of 25%—on longtermcapital gains, for instance.
Then there are Germany’s scars from
the dotcom era. In 1996 Deutsche Telekom
listed on the stockmarket. Germans head
ed to the market in droves; about 650,000
of the buyers of the newly issued stock
were firsttime punters. The share price
soared sevenfold before crashing spectac
ularly in the early 2000s. The effects still
linger. Those who held Deutsche Telekom
shares or who might remember the crash
are less likely to hold stocks even today, as
are their children, suggests research pub
lished last year by the German Institute for