74 Books & arts The Economist January 15th 2022
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ever thinkthe world is in decline.
A recent book, “Speak Not” by James
Griffiths, looks at the bad old days when
it was seen as acceptable to impose a
culture on others through force. The
author tells the stories of Welsh and
Hawaiian—languages driven to the brink
of death or irrelevance before being
saved by determined activists.
Americans fomented a coup in Ha
waii that led to its eventual annexation.
Missionaries built schools and fervently
discouraged local customs like the hula,
a performance in honour of ancestors
that the Americans considered lascivi
ous. Oppression of culture and of the
language went hand in hand: by the late
20th century the only fluent Hawaiian
speakers were worryingly old. But activ
ists fought to expand teaching of it, and
eventually brought Hawaiian into many
schools. The number of speakers is now
growing. Even some of the state’s many
citizens of other ethnicities find it fash
ionable to learn a bit.
Welsh survived centuries of union
with England largely because of Wales’s
relative isolation and poverty. But in the
19th century British authorities stepped
up efforts to impose English; schoolchil
dren had to wear a token of shame (the
“Welsh Not”) if they spoke their native
language, the kind of tactic seen in lan
guage oppression around the world.
Again, activists fought back. In 1936
three of them set fires at an airforce
training ground built despite local oppo
sition. The perpetrators turned them
selves in, then refused to speak any
language but Welsh at their first trial. It
ended in a mistrial; their second resulted
in a conviction, but on their release nine
months later the arsonists were feted as
heroes. They had lit a fire under Welsh
language nationalism, which in laterdecades would not only halt the decline in
Welshspeakers, but reverse it. Today the
right to speak Welsh at trial (and in many
other contexts) is guaranteed.
Mr Griffiths’s book ends with a sadder
tale. Though Mandarin is the world’s
mostspoken native language, China still
has hundreds of millions of native speak
ers of other Chinese languages such as
Cantonese (often misleadingly called
“dialects”), as well as nonHan languages
like those used in Inner Mongolia and
Tibet. Evidently regarding this variety as
unbefitting for a country on the rise, the
authorities have redoubled their efforts to
get everyone speaking Mandarin—for
instance by cutting down Cantonese
television and resettling Han Chinese in
Tibet, part of a wider bid to dilute its cul
ture. A regime indifferent to the tuttut
ting of outsiders can go even further than
American and British colonialists.
But English spreads by less coercive
means, too. Rosemary Salomone’s new
book, “The Rise of English”, tells the tale of
a language that has gone from strength to
strength after the demise of Britain’sempire and perhaps also of America’s
global dominance. These two forces gave
English an impetus, but once momen
tum takes hold of a language, whether of
growth or decline, it tends to continue.
Everyone wants to speak a language used
by lots of other influential people.
The triumph of English led to the
death of many languages (notably indig
enous ones in America, Canada and
Australia), but elsewhere it has merely
humbled them. Ms Salomone looks at
the Netherlands, where English fever has
led to its explosion in universities. Entire
graduate and even undergraduate curri
culums are in English. Students submit
essays on Dutch poets in English.
Small countries naturally want to
internationalise and attract overseas
experts. But this has led to a shrinking
space for Dutch. Not only is much scien
tific research done in English (Ms Salo
mone points out that, without this com
monality, the covid19 vaccines might
not have been developed so fast); so is
the teaching of clinicians, who may
therefore lack Dutch terms when talking
to patients. In such situations, languages
can retreat to homes and friendship
groups, no longer considered serious.
This poses a dilemma for liberal
minded types. Forcing people to use a
language is bad. It is harder to argue for
heavyhanded state action to prevent
them from voluntarily adopting one. If
people feel that is in their best interests,
who are outsiders to say otherwise? Yet
diversity is a liberal value too.
Multilingualism (both in countries
and individuals) lessens the zerosum
nature of language competition. But it is
costly, in both time and money. Ulti
mately, some societies may have to put a
price on a cultural inheritance that, once
lost, is nighimpossible to recover.Dominant languages do not always rely on coercion to spreadJohnsonLoudmouths and small voices
were a crime scene and install cameras in
every room. In the following months Frida
mostly mopes about and looks at pictures
of Harriet on her phone. Yet the footage is
used as evidence that she is an unfit par
ent. She is sent to a rehabilitation facility
for a year to “demonstrate her capacity for
genuine maternal feeling and attachment”.
Frida and the other negligent mums are
judged in categories including “Funda
mentals of Play” and “The Moral Universe”.
To measure their improvement, they work
with eerily lifelike androids designed to
mimic their offspring, which collect information via sensors and eyeball cameras.
“They’ll gauge the mothers’ love,” an ad
ministrator explains. “The mothers’ heart
rates will be monitored to judge anger.”
The novel is a brilliant satire of helicop
ter parenting. Frida is criticised for using
“insufficiently empowering” motherese
and telling bedtime stories that “lack
depth”. (“You can’t just have the cow jump
over the moon, Frida. You need to have the
cow consider his place in society.”) The
book also sounds the alarm about modern
surveillance technology and the misuse of
data, as qualitative conclusions are drawnfrom quantitative inputs. The institution’s
metrical idea of a competent parent seems
impossible to attain.
Failing, however, is not an option: it
means custodial rights are lost for ever. Ms
Chan’s story skilfully dramatises the
lengths to which loving parents go for the
sake of their offspring. It joins a pantheon
of dystopian novels that have parentchild
relationships at their heart, including “The
Handmaid’s Tale” and “The Road”. And it
announces its author as an astuteobserver
of both intrusive 21stcentury authority
and strained family dynamics.n