1246 Indexclimate and geography 234–
272
Africa 235–238, 236f,
269–270
agriculture 16–17, 33, 34,
37
Americas 264–269
Asia and the Pacifi c 247–
252, 270–271
Egypt 239–244, 241m,
243 f
Europe 252–256, 254f
Greece 256–260, 271
Middle East 244–247
migration and population
movements 699, 707
military 732
Rome 260–264
settlement patterns 962,
963
climate change
migration and population
movements 695
social collapse and aban-
donment 998–999
Cloaca Maxima 555
cloaks 272, 273, 276, 278. See
also birrus; himations
clocks. See calendars and
clocks
cloth 1080
clothing and footwear 272–
284
adornment 6
Africa 272–274, 273f
Americas 282–284, 283f
Asia and the Pacifi c
277–278
Egypt 274–275, 275f
Europe 278–279
Greece 279–281, 280f
Middle East 275–277, 276f
religion and cosmology
838
Rome 281–282
Clouds, Th e (Aristophanes)
200, 938, 1092
Clovis culture
hunting, fi shing, and gath-
ering 581
migration and population
movements 720–721
settlement patterns 972
weaponry and armor 1171
Clovis points
hunting, fi shing, and gath-
ering 581
weaponry and armor 1171
Clue to the Unseen 557–558
coal 949
coastline
climate and geography 261
seafaring and navigation
954–956
coba lt 178–179
Cochise culture 797codes (cryptography) 601
codes (legal). See laws and
legal codes
codex (Mayan) 948
codex (Roman) 1191
coffi ns. See also sarcophagi
death and burial practices
313, 316, 317
slaves and slavery 994f
Coffi n Texts 836, 837
cohorts 1153
coil building 177
coinage. See money and coin-
age
Colchis kingdom 247
Coligny 169
Colima dogs 120
College of Augurs 859
College of Fetiales 861
College of Pontiff s 859
collegia
death and burial practices
320
employment and labor
434
social organization 1038
Colombia 688
colonization
agriculture 35, 36
migration and population
movements 694–697,
702–704, 706, 707, 711–
714, 717
settlement patterns
971–972
colonnades 74
color 273, 275, 281. See also
pigments, mineral
Colosseum (Rome)
architecture 80f
cities 228
music and musical instru-
ments 772
Colossi of Memnon 96
columbarium 320
comedies 334, 335
comets
astronomy 128
natural disasters 778
Comita Centuriata 531, 532
Comitia Populi Tributa
531–532
command 346
Commentarii de bello Gallico
(Caesar) 709, 888, 1046
commerce 1187
commercial exchange 1099
commodities 389–390
Commodus (emperor of
Rome) 416
commoners 1015, 1038
community child rearing
188–189
compensation
employment and labor 425
laws and legal codes 627competitions
drama and theater 334
festivals 468
compluvium 81
concrete
architecture 78, 79
building techniques and
materials 160, 161
inventions 601, 602, 604
concubines 498
confarreatio 456
confederations 521
Confucianism
economy 341
employment and labor
429, 430
gender structures and roles
497–498
laws and legal codes 626
Confucius
children 199
cities 217
education 380, 381
employment and labor
429
family 451–452
literature 651–652
religion and cosmology
848
resistance and dissent
873–874
sacred sites 901
scandals and corruption
912
social organization 1026
conscripted labor 520
Constans I (emperor of Rome)
417
Constantine, Arch of 118
Constantine I (emperor of
Rome)
art 109
borders and frontiers 143,
148
calendars and clocks 170
crime and punishment
303, 305
economy 371
education 382
empires and dynasties 417
employment and labor 434
government organization
534
migration and population
movements 718
religion and cosmology
853, 857, 861
resistance and dissent 880
sacred sites 901, 907
social collapse and aban-
donment 1007
Constantine II (emperor of
Rome) 417
Constantinople 246
Constantius II (emperor of
Rome) 417constellations
science 928
seafaring and navigation
955, 958
Constitution of the Athenians
(Aristotle)
laws and legal codes 628
construction
occupations 811, 817
roads and bridges 886,
887, 891
ships and shipbuilding
976, 979–983
consuls
empires and dynasties 414
government organization
532
controlled economy 341
convents 377
cooking equipment 478
Copena complex 119
copper
art 108
ceramics and pottery 179
climate and geography 256
craft s 285, 288
economy 361, 362
metallurgy 678, 679, 681–
683, 687
mining, quarrying, and
salt making 741, 743,
745 –74 8 , 750
money and coinage 757,
758
trade and exchange 1102
Copper Age
household goods 566
metallurgy 684
coppersmithing 680, 681
copper sulfi des 685
copper vessel 680f
Coptic Christianity 377
Coptic language 611, 612
coral
adornment 11
climate and geography
256
corbel bracket 67
corbeling 156
corbelled arch
architecture 62, 63
building techniques and
materials 155, 160
corbelled vault 62, 63, 85
Corcyra Island
climate and geography
260
migration and population
movements 712, 713
cordage 1080
Cordilleran ice sheet 720
Corfu Island 260
Corinth
architecture 77
climate and geography
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