Encyclopedia of Society and Culture in the Ancient World

1250 Index

Egypt (continued) gender structures and roles 495–496 government organization 511–514 health and disease 547– 548, 547f household goods 562–563, 563 f hunting, fi shing, and gath- ering 573–575, 574f illumination 585–586 inventions 594–596, 595f language 611–612 laws and legal codes 622– 624, 631–633 literature 643–647, 668–669 metallurgy 679–680 migration and population movements 693–698 military 726–728 mining, quarrying, and sa lt ma k i ng 74 2–74 4 money and coinage 753–754 music and musical instru- ments 764–765 natural disasters 776–777, 784 numbers and counting 799–800 occupations 809–810 pandemics and epidemics 821–822 religion and cosmology 831–832, 836–840, 866 resistance and dissent 871–872 roads and bridges 883–885 sacred sites 899–900 scandals and corruption 910–911 science 925–929, 950 seafaring and navigation 953–954 settlement patterns 964– 966 ships and shipbuilding 975–977 slaves and slavery 986–987 social collapse and aban- donment 1000–1001 social organization 1014– 1018 sports and recreation 1048–1050 storage and preservation 1063–1064 textiles and needlework 1075–1077 towns and villages 1087– 1088 trade and exchange 1097– 1098 t ra nspor tat ion 1112–1113

war and conquest 1126– 1130, 1156 –1158 weaponry and armor 1162–116 4 weights and measures 1174 –1175 writing 1184–1185 Egyptian Legend of the Creation 866 Egyptian screw. See Archime- dean screw Eighteenth Dynasty (Egypt) art 94 cities 207 climate and geography 240 festivals 464 occupations 809 einkorn wheat 25 ekklesia 528–529 ekphora 319 Elamite Dynasties (Middle East) 398 Elamite inscription 613f Elamite people empires and dynasties 398 migration and population movements 701, 702 numbers and counting 800 Elamo-Dravidian group 609 elders education 375–376 government organization 523–524 laws and legal codes 630 electromagnetism 931 electroplating 603 elegy 661 elements 934 Elements (Euclid) numbers and counting 804 science 938 Elephantine settlement patterns 964 towns and villages 1088 elephants military 730 t ra nspor tat ion 1111, 1112 war and conquest 1139, 1149 Eleutherae 733f Elgin Marbles 111 elite. See aristocrats El Mirador 232 El Niño 266, 267 embalming 313, 320, 323 embroidery clothing and footwear 274, 277, 284 textiles and needlework 1078, 1079, 1083 emmer wheat 21, 25 Empedocles 552

emperors cities 227 laws and legal codes 626 scandals and corruption 914 f social organization 1025 empires and dynasties 387– 425 Africa 388–391, 422–423 Americas 418–422 Asia and the Pacifi c 401– 406, 404m Egypt 392–396, 395f Europe 406–409 government organization 533–534 Greece 409–413, 424 Middle East 396–401, 400 f, 423 Rome 413–418 Empiricists health and disease 554 science 943 employment and labor 425– 435. See also occupations Africa 425–426 agriculture 38, 43 Americas 434–435 Asia and the Pacifi c 428– 430, 429f economy 351–353, 372– 373 Egypt 426–427 Europe 430–431 government organization 520 Greece 431–432 Middle East 427–428 mining, quarrying, and salt making 745, 747 Rome 433–434, 433f social organization 1011, 1015–1016, 1020, 1038 emporia 711–712 en (Mespotamian political leader) government organization 515 towns and villages 1085 enactments 623 enameling 686 endemic disease pandemics and epidemics 825 science 926 engineering numbers and counting 806 roads and bridges 883 England. See Britain English Channel 255 Ennius, Quintus 661–662 ensembles 764 entablatures 74 entertainers 332

Enûma Elish (Th e Epic of Creation) literature 649, 669–671 religion and cosmology 841–842, 867 envelopes, clay 597 Epanggong Palace 67 ephebeia 383 Epic of Gilgamesh art 99 exploration 438 gender structures and roles 497 literature 639, 647–648 military 728 epics 641, 647–649, 660–661 epic songs 832 Epictetus 292 Epicureans 943 epicures 481 epicycles 131 Epidaurus theater 75, 76f epidemics. See pandemics and epidemics epigram 661 Epirus 258 Epistulae ad familiares (Cicero) 258 epochs 168 equality 1034 equestrians social organization 1037 sports and recreation 1055 equinoctial year 166 equinoxes astronomy 128, 129 calendars and clocks 166 Erasistratus health and disease 553 science 941 Eratosthenes astronomy 131 numbers and counting 800 science 939 Erechtheum 432 Ereshkigal 315 Eridu cities 202, 211 social organization 1019– 1020 Erlitou cities 216 death and burial practices 317 erosion 260 erotic art 113 eschatology 844 Eskimos. See Inuit estates 43 Etesian winds 257, 258 Ethiopia. See also Axum, kingdom of agriculture 20 architecture 53–56 government organization 510

1235-1286_SocCultAnctWrld-v4_idx1250 1250 10/10/07 3:32:23 PM

Encyclopedia of Society and Culture in the Ancient World

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