Encyclopedia of Society and Culture in the Ancient World

1270 Index

painting art 88, 94–95, 100–103, 105, 110, 115 ceramics and pottery 178 household goods 561 Pakistan. See Harappan civilization Palace civilization. See Myce- naean Age palace complex 213, 214, 216, 217 palace of Xerxes 1019f palaces architecture 53–55, 62–64 government organization 515 military 730 palaestrae 75 palanquin 1119 Palatine Hill cities 226 empires and dynasties 413 Paleo-Indian Period death and burial practices 321 gender structures and roles 503 nomadic and pastoral societies 796 Paleo-Indians 719f, 720–722 Paleolithic building techniques and materials 157 climate and geography 242 death and burial practices 318 economy 359 household goods 565–566 inventions 599 settlement patterns 969 Palermo stone 239 Palestine empires and dynasties 400 foreigners and barbarians 490 migration and population movements 717 social organization 1018 palestra 80 palla 281 pallium 281 Pampas 268 pana 757 Panathenaia 890 pandaka 498 pandemics and epidemics 819–829 Africa 820–821, 820f Americas 828–829 Asia and the Pacifi c 823–824 Egypt 821–822 Europe 824–825 Greece 825–827, 826f Middle East 822–823, 822f Rome 827–828

panegyric 653–654 Panhellenic shrines religion and cosmology 855 sacred sites 904, 905 pankration 1055 Panlongcheng 216 panpipes 772 Pantanal marshland 268 Pantheon (architecture) 79 pantheon (of gods) 836, 858 pantomime 338 paper art 103 inventions 592, 594, 598–599 papyrus education 377 hunting, fi shing, and gath- ering 575 literature 647 science 928 writing 1189–1191 papyrus reed 21 Paracas culture adornment 14 art 122 astronomy 134 children 197 clothing and footwear 283 death and burial practices 323 family 457 religion and cosmology 866 textiles and needlework 1084 Paraíso, El 86 parallelism (poetry) 665 Paraná River 268 parasites health and disease 548, 551, 555 pandemics and epidemics 825 parching 22 parchment 1188, 1190, 1191 Paris (Roman actor) 337 parks 230 Parthenon 489 Parthenon Marbles 111 Parthian Empire borders and frontiers 143 empires and dynasties 401 social organization 1022– 1023 war and conquest 1134– 1136, 1135f pasaka 1052 pastoralism. See also nomadic and pastoral societies agriculture 38 children 192 economy 367 hunting, fi shing, and gath- ering 573

migration and population movements 702–703 religion and cosmology 834 Patagonia 268–269 patella 184 paterfamilias family 447, 456 health and disease 553 religion and cosmology 858, 859 social organization 1035 paternity 450 patowa 1040, 1041 patres et conscripti 531 patria potestas family 456 gender structures and roles 502 patricians government organization 531, 532 resistance and dissent 879 social organization 1036– 1037 Patrick of Ireland, Saint children 194 slaves and slavery 990 patrilineage empires and dynasties 421 family 448 gender structures and roles 494 patrons 1037 Paul, Saint 486 Pausanias 271 paved 883, 886 pawnship 986 payment in kind 351, 352 peanuts 482 peasants economy 355, 356 employment and labor 429, 435 occupations 812 scandals and corruption 912 slaves and slavery 989 social organization 1025 peculium 993 pecuniary 346 pedagogues 196, 197 Pedanius Dioscorides of Anazarbus 554 pedestrians 1119 Peiligang culture 31 Peisistratus (tyrant of Athens) 410 Peloponnese 259 Peloponnesian War empires and dynasties 411 military 733 pandemics and epidemics 826 war and conquest 1148 pelts 1167

pemmican 482 Pengtoushan 30 pentathlons 1055 Pen-ta-ur 1156–1158 Pepi I (king of Egypt) art 94, 97 empires and dynasties 392 natural disasters 776 scandals and corruption 910 peplos 280f, 281 pepper 479 pepper pot 478f percussion 763, 764, 772 peret 240 perfumes 4, 8, 11–12 Pergamum 413. See also Tu r - key Periander (tyrant of Corinth) empires and dynasties 410 resistance and dissent 877 Pericles ceramics and pottery 183 empires and dynasties 411 foreigners and barbarians 489 government organization 529 social collapse and aban- donment 1006 Pericles (Plutarch) 292 perioikoi foreigners and barbarians 488 social organization 1034 Periphus of the Erythraean Sea, Th e 1108–1109 periplous exploration 442 seafaring and navigation 953, 960 peristyles 81 permafrost 264 Persephone 320 Persepolis architecture 63f, 64 cities 214 textiles and needlework 1078 f weights and measures 1175 f Persia. See also Achaemenid Dynasty art 1 00 calendars and clocks 167 climate and geography 245–246 clothing and footwear 276, 277 crime and punishment 299 economy 354–355 education 380 empires and dynasties 400, 401 employment and labor 428

1235-1286_SocCultAnctWrld-v4_idx1270 1270 10/10/07 3:32:26 PM

Encyclopedia of Society and Culture in the Ancient World

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