Encyclopedia of Society and Culture in the Ancient World

Index 1271

foreigners and barbarians 485 illumination 587 laws and legal codes 625 migration and population movements 701–702 military 728f music and musical instru- ments 766 religion and cosmology 843–844 science 931–932 settlement patterns 967 social organization 1022 t ra nspor tat ion 1114 war and conquest 1130 Persian Empire. See Achaeme- nid Dynasty Persian Gulf 1099 Persian Royal Road 246 Persian Wars 73, 1147 Persian Wars, Th e (Herodo- tus) empires and dynasties 424 family 459 gender structures and roles 504 Peru art 121 death and burial practices 323 government organization 538 natural disasters 783 religion and cosmology 865–866 sacred sites 908 science 949 social collapse and aban- donment 1009 textiles and needlework 1084 f petasos 281 Petrie, Flinders 207 petroglyphs adornment 4 art 90f hunting, fi shing, and gathering 573 t ra nspor tat ion 1111f petroleum 746 Pet ronius A rbiter 1109–1110 Phaenomena (Aratus) astronomy 132 science 944 phalanx formation military 733, 734 war and conquest 1132, 1148, 1150, 1151 weaponry and armor 1168–1170 pharaohs 623 Pharaonic Period economy 347 family 449 money and coinage 753

Pharisees 380 Pharos Lighthouse cities 209, 226 seafaring and navigation 960 Pharos of Alexandria 591 Phidias 112 Philip II (king of Macedon) cities 225 empires and dynasties 409, 412 government organization 528 scandals and corruption 916 war and conquest 1148, 1149 Philippines ceramics and pottery 180 –181 climate and geography 250 clothing and footwear 277 government organization 523 inventions 598 nomadic and pastoral societies 791 Philistines 700 philosophy literature 660 science 943 Phocis 259 Phoenician alphabet inventions 597 language 612–613 writing 1186, 1189 Phoenicians economy 353–354 empires and dynasties 388–390 exploration 436, 439 migration and population movements 700 mining, quarrying, and salt making 744 seafaring and navigation 952–953, 955 textiles and needlework 1074, 1078 writing 1186 phonograms inventions 594–595 writing 1184, 1185 Phratries 1032–1033 Phrynichus 878 Phylae 1033–1034 physicians employment and labor 433, 433f, 434 health and disease 547, 548, 550, 552, 554 occupations 815 pandemics and epidemics 826–827 science 926, 927, 941–944

physics 938, 946–947 pi (calculation of ) 934 Piankhi (king of Kush) 1123–1124 pickling 1064 pictograms 377 pictographs 594–595 Pict warriors 9 piece mold casting 681–682 pigments, mineral art 89, 94 ceramics and pottery 178–179 pigs agriculture 26, 38 nomadic and pastoral societies 788 pillar edict 1188f pillars 124 Pillars of Hercules 442 pilot 956 Pindar of Th ebes literature 658 sports and recreation 1058–1059 Pingliangtai 216 pins/brooches 9 pipe organ 769, 772 Piper nigum 479 pipes music and musical instru- ments 765, 769 religion and cosmology 862–863 pirates/piracy occupations 815 seafaring and navigation 959, 960 pit(s) death and burial practices 315 –317 hunting, fi shing, and gathering 579 storage and preservation 1062, 1063, 1067, 1069 pit-grave culture 703 pithoi architecture 74 storage and preservation 1067 pit houses 162 Piye 726 plagues health and disease 554 pandemics and epidemics 822, 823 Plains Indians 773 planetary movements 939 planets astronomy 126 religion and cosmology 842 Plantago lanceolata 256 plant domestication 596 planting 21 plant materials 288

plants clothing and footwear 272 hunting, fi shing, and gathering 575, 578 inventions 596 occupations 808 plasterwork, decorative 116 Plataea 259 platform architecture 86 building techniques and materials 161, 162 death and burial practices 317, 323 platform mounds 818 platform pipe 119 Plato adornment 11 children 195 climate and geography 257 craft s 292 government organization 528 inventions 600 literature 660, 672–673 natural disasters 781 religion and cosmology 856 science 939 settlement patterns 970 textiles and needlework 1082 war and conquest 1145 Plautus, Titus Maccius clothing and footwear 272 drama and theater 335 plays/playwrights 328, 334–335 plazas 86 pleats 281 plebeians empires and dynasties 414 government organization 531–533 resistance and dissent 879 social organization 1037 Pleiades star cluster 129, 134 Pleistocene Epoch. See also ice age building techniques and materials 157 climate and geography 254–255 settlement patterns 969 Pliny the Elder a r t 113, 115 astronomy 133 climate and geography 270–271 literature 664 mining, quarrying, and salt making 749 pandemics and epidemics 827

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Encyclopedia of Society and Culture in the Ancient World

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