1272 Index
plows
agriculture 26, 29, 36, 39
economy 360
inventions 599–600
plowshares
agriculture 36
economy 360
plunder
economy 368
military 731
Plutarch
children 200–201
craft s 292
government organization
540–541
literature 660
scandals and corruption
916
Plutarch’s Lives 540–541
pneumoconiosis 548
Poenuslus (Plautus) 272
poetry
drama and theater 333–
334
literature 639, 641, 642,
646–648, 652, 656–657,
661, 663–665
poetry, didactic 656–657
Poland 1091
police 727
polis
cities 223
government organization
527
politics
borders and frontiers 146
resistance and dissent 872,
873, 877
war and conquest 1152–
1153
Politics (Aristotle) 997–998,
1092
“Polity of the Spartans, Th e”
(Xenophon) 539–540
pollen analysis 253
pollution 745
Polybius
exploration 443
government organization
541–542
war and conquest 1159–
1160
polygyny 447, 448, 450, 451
Polynesia
climate and geography
251
hunting, fi shing, and gath-
ering 576
literature 652–653
migration and population
movements 706, 707
seafaring and navigation
955–956
polytheism 833–835, 840,
858
pomerium 906
Pompeii
art 116
natural disasters 775
Pompey the Great
empires and dynasties
414–415
literature 662
ships and shipbuilding
982
sports and recreation 1055
Pontic steppes 253
pontifex maximus 859
pontoons 886
Pontus Mountains 246
Popol Vuh
literature 665–666
sports and recreation
1060–1061
population 229. See also
migration and population
movements
porcelain 565
porphyry weight 1179f
Porsena (king of Clusium)
407
porticos 74
port markets 1105
portoria 367
portraits 114, 115
Poseidon 854f
Posidonius 442
post and crossbeam construc-
tion 156
post-and-lintel construction
160
Postglacial Climatic Opti-
mum 255
post meridiem 172
Postumus 408
potatoes
agriculture 47
food and diet 482
pots and pans 569
potters
employment and labor 430
occupations 812
potter’s wheel
ceramics and pottery 174–
175, 177, 179–180
household goods 564
pottery. See ceramics and pot-
tery
poultry 38
Po Valley 262
Poverty Point
architecture 86–87
art 119
building techniques and
materials 162
Praetorian Guard 735
praetors
crime and punishment
304
government organization
532
laws and legal codes 629
praise 641, 653–654
prandium 481
Praxiteles 112
“Prayer for Off erings” 643
Preceramic Period (Americas)
architecture 86
art 121
Preclassic Period (Americas)
architecture 85
foreigners and barbarians
491
inventions 604
numbers and counting 806
occupations 818
towns and villages 1095
trade and exchange 1107
Predynastic Period (Egypt)
ceramics and pottery 176
cities 206
craft s 286–287
death and burial practices
313
empires and dynasties 392
hunting, fi shing, and gath-
ering 573
metallurgy 679
migration and population
movements 694, 695
mining, quarrying, and
salt making 742
numbers and counting 799
science 927
weaponry and armor 1163
prehistory
architecture 52
art 98
building techniques and
materials 150, 157
calendars and clocks 169
death and burial practices
321
family 452–453
food and diet 477
gender structures and roles
494
health and disease 545–
546, 550
hunting, fi shing, and gath-
ering 577
migration and population
movements 693–694,
698, 707–708
military 731
mining, quarrying, and
salt making 745
natural disasters 780
nomadic and pastoral soci-
eties 789
numbers and counting
802
pandemics and epidemics
824–825
social organization 1039–
1040
transportation 1120
war and conquest 1141
preliterate cultures 375–377
premonetary economies 432
preservation. See storage and
preservation
pre-Socratics 937
price control 369
Prices Edict of 301 C.E. 370
price units 347, 348
priests/priesthood
children 197
clothing and footwear
282
drama and theater 333
economy 348, 373
health and disease 548
music and musical instru-
ments 767
occupations 809, 810
religion and cosmology
837–840, 858–859, 861
science 924–925
social organization 1017,
1030
princes 520–521
prism, clay 1132f, 1158
prisoners of war
agriculture 43
employment and labor
425
hunting, fi shing, and gath-
ering 581
migration and population
movements 717
slaves and slavery 987
prisons 296, 298, 303
private crimes 304
Processional Way of Marduk
214
processions 840
professional armies 735
proletarii 1037
proofs, mathematical
numbers and counting
804
science 938
propaganda
art 114, 121
war and conquest 1133
property exchange 343
property ownership 597
prophets 838
propylon 75
prose 642–643, 661. See also
literature
prosecutors 628, 629
prostitution
occupations 816
scandals and corruption
913
protein 33
prothesis 319
Proto-Canaanite script 1189
Proto-Celtic language 615
protogeometric period
(Greece) 110
1235-1286_SocCultAnctWrld-v4_idx1272 1272 10/10/07 3:32:26 PM