Encyclopedia of Society and Culture in the Ancient World

1272 Index

plows agriculture 26, 29, 36, 39 economy 360 inventions 599–600 plowshares agriculture 36 economy 360 plunder economy 368 military 731 Plutarch children 200–201 craft s 292 government organization 540–541 literature 660 scandals and corruption 916 Plutarch’s Lives 540–541 pneumoconiosis 548 Poenuslus (Plautus) 272 poetry drama and theater 333– 334 literature 639, 641, 642, 646–648, 652, 656–657, 661, 663–665 poetry, didactic 656–657 Poland 1091 police 727 polis cities 223 government organization 527 politics borders and frontiers 146 resistance and dissent 872, 873, 877 war and conquest 1152– 1153 Politics (Aristotle) 997–998, 1092 “Polity of the Spartans, Th e” (Xenophon) 539–540 pollen analysis 253 pollution 745 Polybius exploration 443 government organization 541–542 war and conquest 1159– 1160 polygyny 447, 448, 450, 451 Polynesia climate and geography 251 hunting, fi shing, and gath- ering 576 literature 652–653 migration and population movements 706, 707 seafaring and navigation 955–956 polytheism 833–835, 840, 858 pomerium 906

Pompeii art 116 natural disasters 775 Pompey the Great empires and dynasties 414–415 literature 662 ships and shipbuilding 982 sports and recreation 1055 Pontic steppes 253 pontifex maximus 859 pontoons 886 Pontus Mountains 246 Popol Vuh literature 665–666 sports and recreation 1060–1061 population 229. See also migration and population movements porcelain 565 porphyry weight 1179f Porsena (king of Clusium) 407 porticos 74 port markets 1105 portoria 367 portraits 114, 115 Poseidon 854f Posidonius 442 post and crossbeam construction 156 post-and-lintel construction 160 Postglacial Climatic Opti- mum 255 post meridiem 172 Postumus 408 potatoes agriculture 47 food and diet 482 pots and pans 569 potters employment and labor 430 occupations 812 potter’s wheel ceramics and pottery 174– 175, 177, 179–180 household goods 564 pottery. See ceramics and pottery poultry 38 Po Valley 262 Poverty Point architecture 86–87 art 119 building techniques and materials 162 Praetorian Guard 735 praetors crime and punishment 304 government organization 532 laws and legal codes 629

praise 641, 653–654 prandium 481 Praxiteles 112 “Prayer for Off erings” 643 Preceramic Period (Americas) architecture 86 art 121 Preclassic Period (Americas) architecture 85 foreigners and barbarians 491 inventions 604 numbers and counting 806 occupations 818 towns and villages 1095 trade and exchange 1107 Predynastic Period (Egypt) ceramics and pottery 176 cities 206 craft s 286–287 death and burial practices 313 empires and dynasties 392 hunting, fi shing, and gath- ering 573 metallurgy 679 migration and population movements 694, 695 mining, quarrying, and salt making 742 numbers and counting 799 science 927 weaponry and armor 1163 prehistory architecture 52 art 98 building techniques and materials 150, 157 calendars and clocks 169 death and burial practices 321 family 452–453 food and diet 477 gender structures and roles 494 health and disease 545– 546, 550 hunting, fi shing, and gath- ering 577 migration and population movements 693–694, 698, 707–708 military 731 mining, quarrying, and salt making 745 natural disasters 780 nomadic and pastoral soci- eties 789 numbers and counting 802 pandemics and epidemics 824–825 social organization 1039– 1040 transportation 1120 war and conquest 1141

preliterate cultures 375–377 premonetary economies 432 preservation. See storage and preservation pre-Socratics 937 price control 369 Prices Edict of 301 C.E. 370 price units 347, 348 priests/priesthood children 197 clothing and footwear 282 drama and theater 333 economy 348, 373 health and disease 548 music and musical instru- ments 767 occupations 809, 810 religion and cosmology 837–840, 858–859, 861 science 924–925 social organization 1017, 1030 princes 520–521 prism, clay 1132f, 1158 prisoners of war agriculture 43 employment and labor 425 hunting, fi shing, and gath- ering 581 migration and population movements 717 slaves and slavery 987 prisons 296, 298, 303 private crimes 304 Processional Way of Marduk 214 processions 840 professional armies 735 proletarii 1037 proofs, mathematical numbers and counting 804 science 938 propaganda art 114, 121 war and conquest 1133 property exchange 343 property ownership 597 prophets 838 propylon 75 prose 642–643, 661. See also literature prosecutors 628, 629 prostitution occupations 816 scandals and corruption 913 protein 33 prothesis 319 Proto-Canaanite script 1189 Proto-Celtic language 615 protogeometric period (Greece) 110

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Encyclopedia of Society and Culture in the Ancient World

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