Encyclopedia of Society and Culture in the Ancient World

Index 1275

Romania 107 Roman Republic art 114 cities 228 clothing and footwear 278 empires and dynasties 414, 415 employment and labor 433, 434 family 456 food and diet 480 foreigners and barbarians 489 government organization 531–532 health and disease 553 migration and population movements 715 religion and cosmology 859–861 scandals and corruption 916 social organization 1035– 1037 towns and villages 1093 Rome adornment 12–13, 12f agriculture 29, 40–45, 44 f, 51 architecture 78–82, 80f a r t 113–118, 117f astronomy 132–133, 137 borders and frontiers 147–148 building techniques and materia ls 160 –161, 160f calendars and clocks 171–172 ceramics and pottery 183–185, 184f children 194, 196–197, 196 f cities 226–230, 227f climate and geography 235, 260–264 clothing and footwear 272–273, 281–282 death and burial practices 320–321, 326 drama and theater 328, 335–338, 336m, 337 f economy 366–371, 368f, 371 m education 384–385, 385f empires and dynasties 387, 413–418 employment and labor 433–434, 433f exploration 443–445, 444f family 456–457 festivals 469–470, 469f food and diet 480–481 foreigners and barbarians 489–490 gender structures and roles 501–503

government organization 508, 530–534, 541–542 health and disease 553– 555, 554f household goods 568–569, 569 f hunting, fi shing, and gath- ering 580–581 illumination 590–592 inventions 601–603, 602f language 618–619 laws and legal codes 629– 630, 636–638 literature 660–665, 673–674 metallurgy 685–686 migration and population movements 715–719 military 734–735, 739–740 mining, quarrying, and salt making 749–750 money and coinage 760–762 music and musical instru- ments 770–772 natural disasters 781–782 numbers and counting 805 occupations 816 –817 pandemics and epidemics 827–828 religion and cosmology 858–861 resistance and dissent 879–881 roads and bridges 883, 890–891 sacred sites 905–907 scandals and corruption 916 –918, 920 –921 science 941–946 seafaring and navigation 959–960 settlement patterns 971–972 ships and shipbuilding 982–983 slaves and slavery 993–994 social collapse and aban- donment 1006–1008 social organization 1035– 1039 sports and recreation 1055–1057, 1059–1060 storage and preservation 1069–1070 textiles and needlework 1082–1083 towns and villages 1093– 1094 trade and exchange 1105– 1107, 1109–1110 t ra nspor tat ion 1118–1119 war and conquest 1142–1145, 1149–1153, 1159–1160

weaponry and armor 1169–1170 weights and measures 1180 –1181 writing 1190–1192 “Rome at the End of the Punic Wars” (Polybius) 541–542 Romulus and Remus cities 226 sacred sites 905, 906 roofs architecture 66–67, 70–71, 74 , 77 building techniques and materials 151, 157 Rosetta Stone 623f roundhouses 71 royal 209 Royal Cemetery of Ur art 98–99 death and burial practices 315 Royal Library of Alexandria 209, 225, 226 Royal Road (Persian Empire) 1114 rubber 604 rudders 598 runes literature 655 religion and cosmology 852 writing 1188, 1189 running 1047, 1048, 1050, 1054 rushlights 589

S Sabaeans migration and population movements 692 social organization 1021 Sabbath 592 sabers 1165 “Sacred Marriage” 330 sacred numbers 803 sacred sites 897–908 Africa 897–899 Americas 907–908 Asia and the Pacifi c 901–902 Egypt 899–900 Europe 902–904 Greece 904–905 Middle East 900–901 religion and cosmology 839 f Rome 905–907 sacred texts 327 sacrifi ce(s) death and burial practices 316, 317, 323 health and disease 551 music and musical instru- ments 771

nomadic and pastoral soci- eties 795 religion and cosmology 841, 842, 847, 852, 853, 855, 860 war and conquest 1155 sacrifi ce, human children 192, 198 religion and cosmology 832, 847–848, 852, 853, 864 slaves and slavery 986, 994 saddles inventions 598 t ra nspor tat ion 1119 war and conquest 1142 saff ron dye 1083 sagas 654 Sahara agriculture 16, 17 art 89 climate and geography 236 f, 237, 238 clothing and footwear 273 hunting, fi shing, and gath- ering 572 migration and population movements 690–691, 695 nomadic and pastoral soci- eties 787 social collapse and aban- donment 999 war and conquest 1122 Saharan Africa 510 Sahel climate and geography 237 towns and villages 1086 trade and exchange 1096 Sahlins, Marshall 35 Sahure (king of Egypt) 953, 954 sailing vessels 976 sailors 954, 955 sails 955, 959 Saint Lawrence River 265 Saite Dynasty 485 Saka people 705. See also Scythia sakkia 240 sales tax 370 salt climate and geography 256 economy 345, 346, 374 food and diet 475 mining, quarrying, and salt making 743, 744, 747–750 salt bag 743f salting 1062, 1066–1069 salvation 311 Samaritan lamps 587 Samhain 467 Samudragupta (emperor of India) 402 san 277 sanatorium 822

1235-1286_SocCultAnctWrld-v4_idx1275 1275 10/10/07 3:32:27 PM

Encyclopedia of Society and Culture in the Ancient World

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